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- 1 Click Logistics Good when you want one shop to receive, store, pick/pack, connect your platforms, and hand shipments to carriers without bouncing between vendors. They publish 99% order, ship, and inventory accuracy and a 98% client retention rate, plus they say they can reach ten large cities in two days. Pricing isn’t on their site; you’ll need a quote.
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- 3PL CompanyA third party logistics provider that performs outsourced logistics services under contract. Typical services include warehousing, order fulfillment, transportation planning and tendering, freight audit and payment, and reverse logistics. The provider may operate shared or dedicated facilities, use warehouse and transportation management systems, and connect to client systems for orders, inventory status, and tracking. Scope of work, performance measures, pricing method, and liability are defined in the agreement between the parties.
- 3PL ConsultantA specialist who advises shippers on selecting, contracting with, and governing third party logistics providers. Typical work includes assessing current volumes, service requirements, and process flows, drafting requests for proposal, and building scoring criteria for bids. The consultant reviews pricing methods, service level terms, and operating assumptions, and prepares transition plans that cover data integration, cutover steps, and performance metrics for ongoing reporting. Engagements may also include audits of 3PL performance and recommendations for adjustments to scope, staffing, or systems based on measured results.
- 3PL WarehouseA warehouse operated by a third party logistics provider to store client inventory and process orders. It uses defined storage locations, barcode scanning, and a warehouse management system to record receiving, putaway, replenishment, picking, packing, and shipping. The facility may be shared among several clients or dedicated to one client under a contract that sets scope, rates, and performance measures. Billing commonly reflects storage days, handling transactions, and value added services, with data exchanged through EDI or API for orders, inventory status, and tracking.
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- 80/20 Inventory RuleThe application of the Pareto principle to inventory in which a small share of SKUs (20%) accounts for the majority of value or activity (80%). Teams analyze recent sales, picks, margin, or volume to identify the high impact items and the long tail. The results guide priorities for stocking targets, service levels, and cycle count frequency, often used alongside ABC analysis. The 80 and 20 figures are illustrative ratios that are recalculated on a set cadence using current data.
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- ABC AnalysisA method for classifying SKUs, or stock keeping units, into A, B, and C groups based on contribution to a chosen metric such as sales value, order lines, margin, or pick frequency. Items are ranked and grouped by cumulative share, for example A items may account for most of the measured result, B items the next segment, and C items the long tail, with thresholds set by policy. The classes guide cycle counting cadence, storage placement, and stocking targets, and are recalculated on a defined schedule using recent data. Teams document the metric used, the lookback period, and the cutoffs so results can be reproduced and audited.
- Access PointA staffed or automated pickup location (rather than a home address) used by parcel carriers and retail partners where shipments can be dropped off or collected. Parcels may be addressed to the site for hold for pickup, or returned there using a carrier label or QR code. The location scans each package at receipt and handoff, may verify identification, and captures a signature when required. Carriers set limits on parcel size, weight, services offered, and the number of days a package is held before it is returned to the network.
- Accessorial ChargesFees assessed by a carrier for services or conditions not included in the base transportation rate. Examples include liftgate service, inside delivery, residential or limited access pickup or delivery, appointment scheduling, detention, redelivery, and sort and segregate. The amounts and rules are published in the carrier tariff or contract and are billed as separate line items tied to the shipment reference. Required services are noted on the bill of lading or tender, and invoices may be audited to verify that the charge matches the stated rules.
- Advanced Shipping Notice (ASN)An electronic pre alert sent by a shipper that communicates shipment details to the receiver before the goods arrive. It lists order or shipment references, ship from and ship to, expected arrival date, and a breakdown of handling units such as cartons and pallets with item codes and quantities. Each handling unit may be tied to a unique Serial Shipping Container Code that is printed on a GS1 128 or UCC 128 label for scanning at receipt. ASNs are transmitted through EDI such as the 856 transaction set or by API, and receiving uses them to plan dock time, stage resources, and match physical scans to records.
- Air CargoGoods transported by aircraft on scheduled or charter services. Shipments move under an air waybill and are built into unit load devices or handled as loose pieces according to carrier rules. Rating uses chargeable weight, which is the higher of actual scale weight or dimensional weight, along with any published surcharges and the selected service level. Movements must meet aviation security screening, packaging strength limits, and dangerous goods regulations set by the origin, destination, and carriers involved.
- Air FreightThe transport of commercial cargo by aircraft offered by airline carriers and freight forwarders on scheduled or charter services. Shipments move under an air waybill and are tendered as loose pieces or built into unit load devices according to carrier and airport rules. Charges are based on chargeable weight, which compares actual scale weight to dimensional weight, plus any published surcharges and the selected service level. Handling follows aviation security screening, packaging strength limits, and dangerous goods rules for the origin and destination, with events recorded at acceptance, buildup, departure, arrival, breakdown, and delivery.
- Amazon Seller Fulfilled PrimeAn Amazon program that allows eligible sellers to list the Prime badge and ship orders from their own facilities. Orders follow program rules that include same day or one to two day delivery options where offered, purchase of labels through Amazon shipping services, and transmission of tracking scans. Sellers must meet thresholds for on time shipment, valid tracking rate, and order cancellation rate, and use approved carriers and service levels. Amazon monitors performance and can remove the Prime badge or program access when results fall below stated standards.
- Ambient StorageStorage of goods at room temperature without active refrigeration or freezing. It is used for items that are stable within standard warehouse conditions and do not require special temperature control. Facilities document basic environmental conditions and follow labeled handling instructions for stacking, segregation, and shelf life. Inventory is placed in standard locations such as pallets, racks, or bins and follows defined rotation rules when applicable.
- Anniversary BillingA storage charging method in which fees are assessed on a recurring cycle that starts on the date an item or storage unit is first placed into billable storage. Each pallet, bin, or slot begins its own cycle, and charges recur on the same calendar day for each subsequent cycle such as every 30 days. Contracts state the billable unit, cycle length, any proration or grace rules, and the events that start or stop the clock such as receipt, putaway, transfer, or shipment. Warehouse systems record the start date at the unit level so invoices can reference the applicable cycle and activity.
- Apparel FulfillmentWarehouse and shipping operations for clothing and accessories covering receipt, storage, order processing, and returns. Inventory is tracked at the variant level such as style, color, and size, with both folded handling and garment on hanger handling when specified. Tasks may include ticketing, relabeling, prepack creation, quality checks for stains or damage, and repackaging in polybags with required size or warning labels. Orders are picked as each units for direct to consumer or by case and carton for wholesale, with packing steps that protect fabric and keep barcodes readable.
- Automated DimensioningThe use of fixed or conveyor based devices to capture length, width, height, and sometimes weight of cartons, pallets, and irregular items without manual measurement. Sensors such as lasers or cameras record exterior measurements, link them to a scan or identifier, and store a dimensional profile with a timestamp. The results feed parcel rating and dimensional weight calculations, space planning and slotting in the warehouse, and load building in transportation systems. Specifications define accuracy, tolerances, minimum readable surfaces, and whether the device is certified for legal for trade use when measurements support billing.
- Automated Guided Vehicles AgvsDriverless material handling vehicles that follow defined paths inside a facility using guidance methods such as magnetic tape, embedded wire, or reflectors. They move pallets, carts, or unit loads between pickup and drop locations under a central controller that assigns tasks and manages traffic rules. Safety systems use scanners, bumpers, and emergency stops to detect obstacles and stop motion, and interfaces connect to warehouse systems and conveyors for handoff signals. Common designs include tugger units, unit load platforms, and fork AGVs, with battery charging scheduled during idle windows.
- Automated Order RoutingSoftware based assignment of customer orders to a fulfillment center using predefined rules. Inputs include inventory by location, item attributes such as hazardous materials or temperature requirements, service level and cutoff, proximity to the ship to address, and transportation cost. The system may split an order across locations when one site cannot fill all lines and records the sourcing decision for audit and status updates. Outputs include the fulfill from location, promised ship date, and carrier service, which are sent to warehouse and transportation systems for execution.
- Automated PalletizersMachines that build unit loads by arranging cases, totes, or bags on pallets without manual lifting. Systems include robotic arm units and conventional layer forming machines that use conveyors, turners, and row pushers to create programmed patterns. Inputs include case dimensions, weight, orientation marks, target pallet size, stack height limits, and stability rules such as interlock or column stack. The palletizer can place slip sheets or tier sheets when specified, square layers before release, and signal a wrapper or bander for load securing. Controls record pattern recipes, changeovers, and production counts and interface with upstream and downstream equipment.
- Automated Picking SolutionsSystems that retrieve and present items or direct workers to select items using automation and software. Technologies include goods to person equipment such as shuttles, vertical lift modules, carousels, and autonomous mobile robots that deliver totes to workstations, as well as pick to light, pick to voice, and robotic piece picking cells. The warehouse management or control system sends order lines, slot data, and priorities, then collects confirmations by scan, light module, or vision sensor and records lot or serial when required. Designs specify throughput targets, station count, order consolidation method, and exception handling for short picks, damages, or replenishment triggers.
- Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS)A mechanized storage system that uses computer controlled equipment to place and retrieve loads within a high density rack. Common configurations include unit load cranes for pallets, miniload cranes for totes or trays, and shuttle and lift based modules that move carriers along aisles and levels. The system receives putaway and retrieval commands from a warehouse management or control system, tracks locations and quantities, and confirms moves by scan or sensor. Interfaces transfer loads to conveyors or workstations and record cycle counts, dwell time, and equipment status for monitoring and maintenance.
- AutomationThe use of equipment, control systems, and software to perform warehouse or transport tasks with limited manual handling. It covers conveyance, sortation, storage and retrieval, picking, packing, labeling, dimensioning, and palletizing using devices such as conveyors, sorters, shuttles, autonomous mobile robots, robotic arms, and print and apply machines. Controllers and execution software interface with warehouse and transportation management systems to receive work, issue commands, and capture confirmations with timestamps and sensor checks. Designs specify safety functions, maintenance access, throughput targets, and exception handling so work can continue when inputs or equipment vary.
- Avid Logistics Covers e-commerce fulfillment, drop ship, pick/pack, kitting, electronic data interchange with a hands-on service model. They’re candid about limits with oversized freight that can’t live on standard pallets.
- Awaiting From SenderA carrier tracking message that indicates shipment information exists, but the physical parcel has not yet been handed to or scanned by the carrier. The record is created when a label is purchased or shipment details are transmitted, and it remains until the first acceptance scan at pickup, drop off, or an origin facility. Once the carrier takes possession, the status changes to an event such as acceptance, origin received, or in transit.
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- B2B LogisticsPlanning and execution of the movement and storage of goods between businesses such as manufacturers, wholesalers, distribution centers, and retail chains. Orders are handled in case or pallet quantities, follow routing guides, and require delivery appointments at docks. Transactions rely on documents and data exchanges including purchase orders, advance ship notices, bills of lading, packing lists, and EDI messages. Common transport modes include less than truckload, full truckload, intermodal, air, and ocean, with performance tracked through on time delivery, in full rates, and damage ratios.
- B2C LogisticsPlanning and execution of order fulfillment and transport from a seller or fulfillment center to an end consumer. Orders are processed at the each unit level, packed for parcel networks, and labeled with carrier compliant barcodes and tracking numbers. Delivery is handled by parcel or courier services with status events from acceptance through delivery, and returns are processed using return merchandise authorization and labeled drop off or pickup methods. Performance is tracked with on time delivery, first attempt success, and defect rates such as damage or wrong item.
- BackhaulThe return trip of a truck, container, or rail equipment from a delivery area toward its origin or next base. When a paying shipment moves on that return leg, it is recorded as a backhaul load with a bill of lading and standard tracking events. Rates often differ from headhaul and reflect lane balance, equipment type, and required accessorials. Backhaul moves are arranged through routing guides or load tenders and can be paired with drop trailer or consolidation programs.
- BackorderOrdered quantity that cannot be shipped at release because available inventory is insufficient. The order or line remains open in the system with a backordered status and a recorded quantity, and it is released when inventory is allocated from receipts or transfers. Backorders can be created at the item line or entire order level, and may be split so available lines ship first while the remainder waits. Reporting ties backorders to promised dates, fill rate calculations, and aging to show how long quantities remain outstanding.
- Balanced Inventory ApproachA planning method that sets inventory levels to meet stated service targets while controlling holding and ordering costs. Parameters include safety stock based on demand and lead time variability, reorder points that cover lead time demand, and order quantities derived from methods such as economic order quantity or fixed lot sizes. The approach is applied by SKU and location, references data on forecast error and supplier performance, and is reviewed on a defined cadence to adjust settings when inputs change.
- Barcode ScanningThe capture and decoding of machine readable symbols that encode identifiers and data for items, locations, and logistics units. Handheld, fixed mount, or ring scanners read one dimensional and two dimensional symbologies such as Code 128, Code 39, GS1 128, and Data Matrix, then transmit the decoded string to connected software. In warehouses the scan confirms steps like receiving, putaway, picking, packing, and shipping, and records lot, serial, or SSCC values when present. The system validates the scan against expected data, timestamps the event, and stores exceptions for review.
- BarcodingThe practice of assigning and printing machine readable symbols to identify items, locations, and logistics units. Barcoding relies on defined data structures and symbologies such as Code 128, GS1 128, Data Matrix, and QR, and links each symbol to master records like GTIN, lot, serial, or SSCC. In warehouse and transport flows, labels are applied and scanned at receiving, putaway, picking, packing, and shipping to record events and validate accuracy. Programs specify label content, placement, print quality, and verification methods so scans decode reliably.
- Batch PickingA picking method where a worker or system collects items for multiple orders in one tour using a combined pick list. Orders are grouped by shared SKUs or nearby locations, and instructions are given by RF, voice, or lights with each pick confirmed by scan. After the tour, items are sorted to individual orders using a cart with compartments, a put wall, or automated sortation that reads barcodes. Settings define batch size, route limits, and item constraints such as weight or hazardous materials, and the system records exceptions like shorts for reconciliation.
- Big and Bulky ProductAn item whose size, weight, or shape falls outside standard parcel handling and often cannot ride typical conveyors. These goods may require floor stacking, oversized rack locations, team lifts, forklifts, or added protective packaging and bracing. Transportation commonly uses less than truckload, full truckload, or final mile services with options like appointment scheduling, liftgate, or room of choice delivery when specified. Records for these items include exact dimensions, weight, orientation, and handling notes so space, equipment, and routing can be planned.
- Bill of LadingA carrier document that acknowledges receipt of goods and states the terms of carriage. It identifies the shipper, consignee, origin, destination, description of goods, piece count, weight, and any handling instructions or accessorials. In ocean shipping a bill of lading may be negotiable and can serve as a document of title, while in motor transport it typically functions as a non negotiable receipt and contract. The bill number supports tracking, invoicing, and proof of delivery, and the document may be issued in paper or electronic form.
- Blind ShipmentA shipment arranged so that identifying information about the shipper, the consignee, or both is withheld from one of the parties. The carrier uses a blind bill of lading or a corrected bill of lading that shows substitute names or addresses while keeping the true pickup and delivery details in its internal record. Instructions must be provided to the carrier before pickup, and additional documentation and fees may apply under the carrier tariff. Tracking numbers and the bill of lading number are used to match proof of delivery and invoices to the correct shipment record.
- Blind ShippingA shipping arrangement in which the shipper’s identity is hidden from the consignee or end customer. The carrier or logistics provider issues labels and documents that show a substitute ship from name while retaining the true origin in internal records. Setup requires instructions before pickup and may use a blind bill of lading or a corrected bill of lading, along with any carrier forms. Fees and handling rules are set in the carrier tariff, and delivery is referenced by tracking or bill numbers.
- Blockchain in LogisticsUse of distributed ledger technology to record shipment events, documents, and custody handoffs across multiple parties. Each participant keeps a synchronized copy of the ledger, and entries are time stamped, cryptographically linked records that are difficult to alter after confirmation. Smart contracts can encode business rules such as release of a bill of lading, temperature alerts from sensors, or payment triggers tied to delivery milestones. Typical data includes bills of lading, purchase order and ASN references, transfer of custody scans, and IoT readings, with connections to EDI and API systems for exchange. Adoption depends on governance structure, data quality, privacy controls, and the legal treatment of digital documents in the relevant jurisdiction.
- Bonded CarrierA transportation company authorized by a customs authority to move in bond shipments under a financial bond. It carries goods between ports of entry, bonded warehouses, and foreign trade zones without duties or taxes being paid until formal entry and release. The carrier maintains an active bond, uses in bond control numbers and manifests, and follows custody and recordkeeping rules set by the authority. Movements end when customs confirms arrival and the entry is filed or export is completed.
- Bonded InventoryImported goods held under customs control in a bonded warehouse or foreign trade zone with duties and taxes deferred. The items are not entered into domestic commerce and may be stored, repacked, or otherwise handled as permitted by the governing authority. Release for consumption requires a customs entry and payment or determination of duties and fees, or the goods may be exported or destroyed under supervision. Records include bond reference numbers, item identifiers, quantities, and status so balances can be reconciled to filings.
- Bonded WarehouseA storage facility authorized by customs to hold imported goods in bond with duties and taxes deferred until release. The site operates under a bond and documented procedures, with access controls and inventory records that reconcile quantities to customs filings. Goods may be stored, inspected, relabeled, or repacked as permitted by regulations, but they are not entered into domestic commerce while in bond. Release occurs when a customs entry is filed and duties and fees are paid, or when the goods are exported or destroyed under supervision.
- Break Bulk CargoFreight that is not in containers and is loaded as individual pieces or units such as bags, bales, crates, drums, steel, timber, or machinery. It is handled with forklifts, cranes, slings, or nets, and may be palletized or crated to provide lifting points and protection. Shipments are stowed in the holds or on the decks of general cargo or multipurpose vessels, with plans that state piece count, weight, dimensions, and lashing requirements. Charges are commonly rated by weight or measurement, and documentation includes a bill of lading for each lot or consignment.
- Bulk CargoCommodities shipped unpackaged in large quantities and loaded directly into vessel holds, barges, railcars, or tankers. Dry bulk includes grains, coal, ore, fertilizer, and cement, while liquid bulk includes crude oil, refined products, and chemicals. Handling uses conveyors, grabs, loaders, pumps, and pipelines, with stowage plans that specify grades, segregation, draft limits, and trimming to maintain vessel stability. Freight is rated by weight or volume using units such as metric tons, barrels, or cubic meters and is documented by bills of lading and cargo manifests.
- BundlingThe practice of grouping two or more distinct items to sell or ship together as one unit. Components are picked as separate SKUs and combined in a single pack or carton, either prebuilt as a bundle or assembled on demand at packing. Order and warehouse systems store a bundle definition that lists component SKUs and quantities so inventory is relieved per component and documents show the bundle and its parts. Bundling differs from kitting because the component items keep their original SKUs rather than creating a new SKU.
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- Carbon Offset ShippingA shipping practice in which the shipper or carrier purchases carbon credits to compensate for the estimated greenhouse gas emissions from transport. Emissions are calculated in CO2e using stated methods that consider mode, distance, weight, and fuel type. Credits come from verified projects such as renewable energy, reforestation, or methane capture and are retired in a registry so they are not reused. Documentation lists the calculation approach, emission factors, project standard and identifier, quantity of credits applied, and retirement records tied to the shipment period.
- Cargo InsuranceAn insurance policy that covers physical loss of or damage to goods during transit by ocean, air, road, or rail as defined in the policy terms. Coverage may be purchased per shipment or under an open policy that applies to declared shipments over a period. Common forms are all risk and named perils, with exclusions that can include inherent vice, delay, ordinary leakage, and inadequate packing. Valuation, deductibles, and limits are stated in the policy, and claims are supported by documents such as the bill of lading, commercial invoice, and any survey reports.
- Carrier AssignmentThe selection of a transportation provider for a shipment based on a routing guide, contract rates, service level, equipment requirements, and pickup and delivery constraints. A transportation management system or dispatcher evaluates eligible carriers using price tables, transit standards, capacity, and compliance status, then tenders the load and records acceptance. The assignment produces the carrier identifier such as SCAC, the service code, appointment times, and reference numbers used for labels, tracking, and settlement. Any retender or reassignment is logged with timestamps for audit.
- Carrier LiabilityThe legal responsibility of a transportation carrier for loss, damage, or delay to cargo while it is in the carrier’s custody. Liability is set by the bill of lading, the carrier tariff, and applicable law for the mode and jurisdiction, and often includes monetary limits per pound, per kilogram, or per package unless a higher value is declared. Exceptions may apply for causes such as inadequate packaging, inherent vice, act of God, or actions of public authorities as defined in the contract. Claims must meet notice and filing deadlines and are supported by delivery records, inspection reports, and invoices. Cargo insurance is separate and can cover value beyond the carrier’s liability limit.
- Carrier Performance AnalysisThe evaluation of a carrier’s service using defined metrics from shipment and invoice data. Core measures include on time pickup and delivery, tender acceptance, transit time adherence, dwell, exception rate, claims frequency and severity, damage rate, and billing accuracy variance. Data sources include transportation management system events, EDI status messages, carrier scans, GPS or telematics, and proof of delivery records. Results are trended by lane, mode, equipment type, and origin destination pair and compared with contracted service levels and routing guide position. Findings feed scorecards, reviews, and corrective action plans such as route adjustments, appointment changes, or packaging reviews, with calculation methods documented so results can be reproduced.
- CartonizationSoftware logic that selects the carton size and count for an order using item dimensions, weight, and packing constraints. Inputs include a library of container sizes, maximum weight and volume, orientation and nesting rules, and compatibility notes such as liquids with glass or hazardous materials packaging. The result is a packing plan that lists items per container, expected outer dimensions and weight, and whether dunnage or inserts are needed. Cartonization can run at wave release or at the pack station and feeds rating, label generation, and pick instructions.
- Central Distribution CenterThe primary warehouse in a network that receives bulk goods from suppliers or plants and redistributes them to regional facilities, retail stores, or customers. It manages inbound appointments, storage by defined locations, and the release of replenishment orders or transfers to downstream nodes. The site may support cross docking, kitting, ticketing, and returns consolidation when specified. Systems record inventory by location, schedule outbound loads using the routing guide, and track metrics such as order cycle time, inventory accuracy, and on time departure.
- Centralized ReturnsA returns model in which merchandise from stores or customers is routed to a single facility for processing. The site receives parcels and freight against return merchandise authorizations, verifies order and item identifiers, and inspects condition. Results are coded to a disposition such as return to stock, repackage, repair, vendor return, liquidation, recycle, or scrap, with quarantine used when safety or compliance checks are required. The hub posts inventory adjustments and credits in connected systems and retains reason codes, images, and serial or lot data for audit.
- Certificate of OriginA customs document that identifies the country where the goods were produced. Authorities use it to apply duty rates, quota rules, marking requirements, and any preferential treatment under trade agreements when eligibility criteria are met. It is prepared by the exporter or manufacturer and may be certified by a chamber of commerce or another designated body, and some agreements accept self certification. Typical data elements include exporter and consignee details, shipment and invoice references, product descriptions, tariff codes, quantity and weight, and an origin statement or criterion.
- Chain of CustodyThe documented trail of possession and control for goods from pickup through delivery. It records each handoff with dates, times, locations, responsible parties, and identifiers such as seal numbers, container or pallet IDs, and tracking numbers. Evidence may include signatures, barcode scans, images, and sensor data such as temperature or shock readings. The record supports regulatory compliance, recalls, and claims by showing who had the goods and when.
- Chargeback FeesDeductions taken by a buyer from payments to a supplier to recover costs tied to documented noncompliance with purchase order, packaging, labeling, data, or delivery requirements. Common reasons include incorrect or late advance ship notice, barcode or label errors, missed appointment, carton content mismatch, shortage or overage, and routing guide violations. Terms are defined in the buyer vendor compliance guide or contract and use reason codes with fixed or variable amounts per occurrence, carton, or shipment. Disputes are filed within the stated window using evidence such as the bill of lading, appointment confirmations, scans, and photos, and accepted disputes reverse all or part of the deduction.
- Circular Supply ChainA supply chain model that plans both forward flows and reverse flows so products, parts, and materials are recovered and reused instead of discarded. Activities include maintenance, repair, refurbishment, remanufacturing, component harvesting, and recycling, supported by reverse logistics for collection, sorting, and routing. Data records cover origin, composition, and condition to support disposition choices and regulatory reporting. Performance is tracked with return capture rates, reuse yield, recycled content, and waste diversion, with contracts stating ownership, quality requirements, and handling of byproducts.
- Co WarehousingA shared warehouse model where independent companies rent storage and light fulfillment space within the same facility and use common resources. The operator provides racking or floor space, dock access, material handling equipment, and services such as receiving, shipping stations, and optional pick and pack or kitting billed per transaction. Tenants maintain their own inventory and workflows under site rules for safety, access control, dock scheduling, and data capture, often using the operator warehouse management system for locations and labels. Agreements state space allocation by pallet, bin, or square foot, available services and rates, hours of access, and responsibilities for insurance and liability, distinguishing it from dedicated contract warehousing.
- Cold ChainA supply chain that keeps products within specified temperature ranges from production through storage, handling, and delivery. It uses refrigerated rooms, freezers, insulated packaging, and temperature controlled vehicles or containers, with pre cooling and staging procedures that limit exposure. Conditions are tracked with probes, data loggers, and telematics, producing records for time, temperature, and location. Programs define set points, acceptable excursions, and documented responses, and follow applicable standards for food, pharmaceuticals, or chemicals.
- Cold StorageStorage of temperature sensitive goods in refrigerated or frozen rooms that maintain set points specified for each product. Facilities may include chill, freezer, and deep freeze zones with insulated construction, rapid doors, and staged docks to limit temperature gain. Operations cover pre cooling, temperature checks at receiving, documented handling instructions, and rotation rules such as FEFO for dated items. Systems log readings from probes or data loggers, record alarms and corrective actions, and retain audit trails required for regulated products.
- Commercial Inland Marine InsuranceA class of commercial property insurance that covers movable or special property away from a fixed location, including goods in domestic transit, mobile equipment, and property at temporary sites. Policies are written as floaters such as transportation, motor truck cargo, bailee customer goods, warehouse legal liability, installation, and contractors equipment. Terms define covered property, causes of loss, territory, deductibles, limits, and valuation such as invoice value plus freight for cargo. Inland marine is distinct from ocean marine, which applies to vessels and international voyages.
- Commercial ShippingThe movement of goods in commerce using contracted carriers and formal documentation. It covers parcel, less than truckload and truckload, rail, air, and ocean services arranged under tariffs or rate agreements. Shipments are identified by bills of lading or air waybills, labeled with compliant barcodes, and tracked through pickup, transit, and delivery events. For cross border moves, customs entries, duties, and export controls apply, with records linking invoices, packing lists, and carrier references.
- ConsigneeThe party named to receive goods at the destination. The consignee appears on the bill of lading or air waybill and is used for delivery appointments, notices, and proof of delivery. This party may be the buyer, a distribution center, or an agent such as a customs broker, and may differ from the owner of the goods. For cross border shipments, consignee details support customs release and may include an importer number or tax identifier.
- Consignment InventoryStock owned by the supplier but stored at the customer site, a third party warehouse, or another agreed location for the customer to draw from. Title remains with the supplier until a defined trigger such as consumption, sale, or a scheduled settlement, after which the used quantity is invoiced. Agreements state the items covered, locations, review schedule, minimum and maximum levels, and how shrink or obsolescence is treated. Systems record balances by owner, post usage transactions, and reconcile counts to supplier statements.
- ConsignorThe party that ships the goods and is identified as the shipper on the bill of lading or air waybill. The consignor tenders the shipment to the carrier, provides the pickup location and contacts, and supplies documents such as packing lists, hazardous declarations, and export paperwork when required. Responsibilities include packing, marking, labeling, and stating weight and dimensions in line with the routing guide and carrier rules. In cross border moves the consignor may be the exporter of record or an agent acting for the seller, and may differ from the owner of the goods.
- Consolidated ShippingThe practice of combining multiple orders or consignments into a single linehaul move or container that follows the same route or destination. Freight is gathered at an origin hub, documented on a master bill of lading or air waybill with house bills for each shipper, then separated at a destination hub for final delivery. Common applications include parcel injection programs, less than truckload pool distribution, and ocean less than containerload where a consolidator builds containers from several shippers. Labels and manifests keep item level identifiers, and costs are allocated to each shipment by weight, cube, or other agreed method.
- ConsolidatorA logistics intermediary that aggregates freight from multiple shippers into a pooled move for a common lane such as less than containerload ocean, air consolidation, or pool distribution. The consolidator builds the load at an origin hub, issues a master bill of lading or air waybill with house bills for each participant, and manages handoff to the linehaul carrier. At destination it deconsolidates the load, transfers shipments to final carriers, and supplies status events and documents. Services may include labeling, manifesting, export filings when required, and cost allocation by weight or cube under the service agreement.
- Container DemurrageA fee charged by the ocean carrier or terminal when a full container remains at a port, rail ramp, or inland terminal beyond the allotted free time. For imports the clock starts when the container is available for pickup and stops when it leaves the facility. For exports it applies when a loaded container stays in the terminal past free time before loading or after a missed vessel cutoff. Charges are set by tariff or contract and are often tiered by day, container size and type, and location, billed to the bill of lading and container numbers. Demurrage differs from detention or per diem, which applies when a container is outside the terminal beyond free time.
- Container DetentionA fee charged by an ocean carrier when a container remains outside the terminal beyond the free time allowed. For import loads the clock begins when a full container leaves the terminal and ends when the empty is returned to the designated depot. For export loads it begins when an empty container is picked up from the depot and ends when the loaded container is delivered back to the terminal before the vessel cutoff. Rates are set by tariff or contract and are billed by day and equipment type against the bill of lading and container numbers. Detention is separate from demurrage, which applies while the container sits inside the terminal.
- Container Freight Station (CFS)A customs supervised facility where less than containerload ocean cargo is consolidated for export and deconsolidated for import. At origin the station receives freight from multiple shippers, verifies marks, piece count, weight, and dimensions, issues a warehouse receipt, and loads cargo into containers against a master bill of lading. At destination it devans containers, sorts packages by house bill, and releases freight to truckers after customs and terminal holds are cleared. Services may include palletization, labeling, measuring and weighing, and short term storage, with handling and storage fees published by the operator or ocean carrier.
- Container SealingThe process of closing an intermodal container and applying a numbered seal to the door lock rods to detect unauthorized opening. The seal number and application time are recorded on shipping documents such as the bill of lading, manifest, and handoff logs, and are verified at yard gates, terminals, and delivery. High security seals meeting ISO 17712 are commonly used for international moves, with common types including bolt seals, cable seals, and electronic seals where specified. If a seal is removed for inspection or devanning, the removal and replacement numbers are documented to maintain chain of custody.
- Contract WarehousingA long term arrangement in which a third party operates a warehouse for a specific client under a written agreement. The contract defines facility dedication, scope of services, service level standards, rate structure such as management fee plus storage and handling, and terms for staffing, equipment, systems, and capital recovery. Billing may include minimum monthly charges, volume tiers, value added service rates, and pass throughs for transportation or materials, with KPIs reported on a set cadence. Provisions cover inventory responsibility and insurance, data integration, change control, and exit and transition steps including asset disposition and record retention.
- Cooperative RoutingA transportation planning method in which multiple parties coordinate pickups and deliveries to share equipment and linehaul. A carrier or lead planner builds multi stop routes that combine orders by geography, time windows, and freight characteristics using pool points, cross docks, milk runs, and backhaul matches. Participants exchange shipment data and constraints such as dock hours, appointment rules, pallet counts, and weight limits, with tenders and acceptances recorded for each move. Agreements define cost allocation, liability terms, and how schedule changes and exceptions are communicated and logged.
- Cost Insurance and Freight (CIF)An Incoterms rule for sea and inland waterway transport where the seller pays the cost of carriage to the named port of destination and arranges cargo insurance. Risk transfers to the buyer when the goods are loaded on board at the port of shipment. The seller provides a bill of lading and an insurance policy that meets the minimum cover set by the rule, while the buyer handles import clearance and destination charges. The sales contract should specify the named port and the Incoterms version.
- Courier ShippingPickup and delivery of parcels or documents by a courier company that provides door to door service on scheduled routes or on demand. Shipments are tendered with a waybill or label and tracked from collection through delivery using scans, timestamps, and signatures or photos when required. Services include local same day, next day, and international express, with size and weight limits defined by the courier and customs documents needed for cross border moves. Rates and surcharges follow the carrier tariff and reflect zone or distance, chargeable weight, and any special handling such as after hours service or signature confirmation.
- Cross Border EcommerceOnline retail in which a seller ships orders to consumers in another country and the parcel crosses a customs border. Each shipment requires a customs declaration with tariff classification code, item description, value and currency, quantity, weight, and country of origin. Duties and taxes are handled either delivery duty paid where the seller arranges calculation and remittance before export or delivery duty unpaid where the buyer is charged at delivery. Carriers may be postal services, express couriers, or commercial parcel networks, and labels and data must meet destination format rules. Compliance includes screening for restricted products, recordkeeping for tax registration when required, and defined return procedures for refused or undeliverable parcels.
- Cross DockingA material flow method in which inbound shipments are unloaded, verified, and transferred directly to outbound departures without being placed into storage. Allocation is set before arrival using purchase orders, advance ship notices, or wave plans so cartons or pallets move to labeled staging lanes by destination, route, or store. Operations may build mixed pallets, sequence freight for multi stop routes, and capture scans that tie piece count and identifiers to the outbound load. Variants include pre distribution where the supplier packs by final destination and post distribution where the facility sorts items to multiple orders. The process depends on coordinated appointment times, door assignments, and carrier cutoffs because staging space is temporary.
- Crowdsourced DeliveryA local delivery model that uses independent drivers sourced through a digital platform to pick up and deliver orders. The platform matches jobs to nearby drivers using pickup windows, vehicle type, and load limits, then guides navigation and captures GPS timestamps. Proof of delivery can include photo, signature, barcode scan, and geolocation, with status updates sent through the app or API. Typical services include same day and scheduled deliveries of small parcels, groceries, and restaurant orders, subject to weight, size, and restricted item rules. Pricing is set per stop with components for distance and time, and participating drivers must meet platform requirements for background checks, insurance, and equipment. Retailers and shippers integrate order data, labels, and pickup instructions and record exceptions such as no answer, address issues, or item damage.
- Ctpat ComplianceConformance with the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism program requirements for supply chain security. Participating entities such as importers, carriers, consolidators, customs brokers, and warehouse operators document and implement Minimum Security Criteria across physical security, access control, cargo and conveyance security, personnel security, business partner screening, cybersecurity, and agricultural safeguards. Compliance activities include written procedures, risk assessments, employee training, container and trailer inspection and sealing with ISO 17712 high security seals, incident reporting, and recordkeeping. CBP reviews a security profile, conducts on site validations, and performs periodic revalidation to verify ongoing adherence. Status can be suspended or removed if requirements are not maintained, and participants update controls when operations or risks change.
- Curbside PickupA store fulfillment method where customers collect online or phone orders from a designated parking area without entering the building. The order system allocates stock, confirms a pickup window, and notifies the customer when the order is ready. On arrival the customer signals the store through an app, text, or call and provides the order identifier so staff can bring the goods to the vehicle. Staff verify identity when required such as for age restricted items, then record proof of pickup with a signature, code, or photo. Items are staged in a holding area, with temperature controlled packaging used when product requirements call for it. Curbside pickup differs from in store pickup because the handoff occurs outside the store entrance.
- Customs BondingThe practice of securing a customs bond, which is a financial security posted to a customs authority to cover duties, taxes, and compliance obligations on imported or controlled goods. The bond connects three parties, the principal such as an importer, the customs authority as the obligee, and a surety company that issues the bond. Authorities may require different bond types, including single entry, continuous, and specialized bonds for carriers, bonded warehouses, or custodians of merchandise in transit. The bond amount is set by the authority based on expected liability and is filed electronically, often through a customs broker, with a bond number linked to the importer of record. With an active bond, shipments can be released while entry processing and final duty calculation are completed, and the surety remains liable up to the bond limit if obligations are not met. A customs bond does not replace cargo insurance and does not remove statutory responsibilities.
- Customs BrokerA licensed intermediary authorized by a national customs authority to prepare and submit import or export declarations on behalf of a company or individual. The broker classifies goods under the tariff schedule, calculates duties and taxes from classification and valuation, and transmits entry data through electronic data interchange to customs systems. They obtain and administer customs bonds when required, present documents such as commercial invoices, packing lists, and certificates of origin, and coordinate cargo release with carriers, terminals, and warehouses. The broker acts under a power of attorney from the importer of record and keeps records to satisfy regulatory retention rules. Services may include guidance on admissibility, valuation methods, origin marking, duty drawback eligibility, and post entry corrections or protests. A customs broker is distinct from a freight forwarder, which arranges transportation rather than customs clearance.
- Customs ClearanceThe administrative process by which a shipment satisfies a country’s import or export requirements and is authorized to move across its border. It involves submitting a customs declaration that identifies the importer or exporter of record, classifies the goods under the tariff schedule, states quantity, value, and origin, and cites any required permits or licenses. Authorities review the filing, assess duties, taxes, and fees, and may select the shipment for document review or physical examination. The filer pays assessed amounts and provides a customs bond when required. Core documents include the commercial invoice, packing list, bill of lading or air waybill, and certificates of origin where applicable. After customs issues release or export authorization, terminals, carriers, and warehouses receive instructions to hand over or load the cargo. Recordkeeping is maintained for the period specified by law.
- Customs DutyA tax charged by a government on goods that cross its border, most commonly on imports. The amount is determined by the product’s tariff classification under the Harmonized System and the applicable rate in the national tariff schedule, applied to a customs value defined by law. Rates are set as ad valorem percentages of value or as specific amounts per unit of quantity, weight, or volume. Some entries may receive reduced or zero rates under trade agreements when origin requirements are documented, and separate trade remedy duties such as antidumping or countervailing duties can apply in addition to the basic duty. The importer of record files the declaration, pays assessed duty and any related government fees, and maintains records for the required retention period. Duty is distinct from value added tax, sales tax, excise taxes, brokerage charges, and freight costs unless a jurisdiction’s valuation rules include specific cost elements.
- Customs ValuationThe process customs authorities use to determine the taxable value of imported goods for duties, taxes, and trade statistics. Most countries apply the WTO Agreement on Customs Valuation, which sets an order of methods beginning with the transaction value, the price paid or payable for the goods when sold for export to the country of import. If that value is not acceptable, authorities may use the transaction value of identical goods or similar goods, then deductive value based on resale price, computed value based on production cost plus profit and general expenses, and finally a fallback method consistent with these principles. The customs value may include additions such as packing, assists supplied by the buyer, certain royalties or license fees, and proceeds of resale that accrue to the seller. Treatment of international freight and insurance, currency conversion, and related party sales follows national regulations and documentation requirements.
- Cycle CountingA periodic inventory verification method used in warehouses and distribution centers. A defined subset of items or locations is counted on a recurring schedule while normal operations continue. Scheduling is set by rules such as ABC classification, movement velocity, location risk, or random sampling. Variances between the count and the inventory record are reconciled in the warehouse management system, and the probable source is recorded, for example receiving errors, mispicks, shrinkage, or unposted transfers. Programs specify count tolerances, recount triggers, and segregation or lock rules for items with discrepancies. Common approaches include control group counts to test a process, class based counts for high value items, and location based sweeps.
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- Dark StoreA retail location closed to the public and operated as a local fulfillment site for online orders. Staff pick items from store style shelving or warehouse racking, then pack and stage them for carrier pickup or customer collection. Dark stores receive replenishment, track inventory at the item level, and follow defined slotting and replenishment rules. Many are conversions of former shops, while others are purpose built as compact distribution nodes near demand centers.
- DDP ShippingDelivered Duty Paid is where the seller arranges transport to a named place in the buyer’s country and pays all costs and bears risk until delivery, including export and import clearance, duties, taxes, and final delivery. Risk transfers when the goods are placed at the buyer’s disposal at the named place.
- DDU ShippingDelivery Duty Unpaid is where the seller arranges carriage to a named place in the buyer’s country and bears cost and risk to that point, while the buyer completes import customs clearance and pays duties and taxes. DDU is no longer an official rule and is often interpreted in line with Delivered At Place DAP unless a contract specifies DDU terms.
- Dead StockInventory that records no sales or movement for a defined period and is treated as obsolete for regular sales channels. It remains on hand, occupying storage and tying up cash until cleared through write down, liquidation, donation, or disposal. The period that qualifies items as dead stock varies by product and internal policy.
- Delivery Area SurchargeAn added fee a carrier applies when a shipment goes to an address within a designated delivery area that is costly to reach. It is charged in addition to the base rate and other accessorials, usually per package. Carriers publish the eligible postal codes and the fee amounts, often with separate rates for residential and commercial addresses and a higher charge for extended areas.
- Delivery ManagementThe processes and systems that plan, execute, and monitor the movement of orders from dispatch to receipt. It includes carrier selection and tendering, label creation, load building and routing, delivery scheduling and time windows, real time tracking and exception handling, proof of delivery capture, and after delivery reporting. It spans middle mile and last mile operations and is often supported by a transportation or last mile management platform.
- Demand PlanningA supply chain process that forecasts future customer demand to set purchasing, production, inventory, and distribution plans. It combines statistical forecasting with inputs from sales, marketing, and operations to create a consensus forecast. Outputs include forecast accuracy metrics such as MAPE and bias, and demand signals that feed replenishment and sales and operations planning.
- Demand SurgesA rapid, temporary rise in customer orders that exceeds baseline or forecast levels for a product, channel, or region. Identified by exceptional spikes in orders or units over a defined period and measured against forecast error, standard deviation bands, or capacity thresholds. Effects include stockouts, backorders, and congestion in fulfillment and transportation until supply, labor, or routing are adjusted.
- Demand VariabilityThe degree to which customer demand rises and falls over time compared with its average. Quantified with metrics such as standard deviation, variance, coefficient of variation, and forecast error measured over a defined window. The level of variability informs safety stock, reorder points, capacity planning, and service level targets, and contributes to risks such as stockouts and overstock.
- Digital Freight MatchingTechnology that pairs shipper loads with available carrier capacity using real time data and algorithms. Platforms evaluate lane, equipment type, pickup and delivery windows, location, and price, then surface matches and enable electronic tendering and acceptance through apps or APIs. Common functions include instant rating, tracking updates, document exchange, and payment workflow.
- Dim DivisorA constant used by carriers to convert package volume into dimensional weight for rating. Dimensional weight equals length times width times height divided by the carrier published divisor, using a single unit system. Common divisors include 139 when measurements are in inches and 6000 when in centimeters. The billable weight is the higher of dimensional weight and actual weight.
- Dimensional WeightA billing weight based on package volume. It is calculated as length times width times height divided by a carrier published dim divisor, using one unit system. The billable weight is the greater of dimensional weight and actual weight.
- Direct Inbound FreightShipments moved from the supplier or manufacturer straight to the receiving warehouse or store in one leg, bypassing hubs, cross docks, and pool points. Often used for full truckload or container loads delivered by appointment for immediate receiving.
- Direct ShippingA delivery method in which goods move from the original shipper directly to the final recipient, bypassing distribution centers, cross docks, and hubs. The shipment travels as a single move from origin to consignee with no intermediate storage or consolidation.
- Direct Store Delivery (DSD)A distribution model in which a supplier delivers goods directly to retail stores rather than through a retailer distribution center. The supplier handles transportation to each store and may perform receiving, inventory checks, merchandising, and return pickup, with billing tied to each delivery.
- Direct To Consumer (DTC)A sales and fulfillment model in which a brand sells products directly to end customers without third party retailers or distributors. The brand manages order capture, payment processing, customer service, and shipping from its own warehouse, stores, or drop ship partners to the consumer address. Channels include a brand ecommerce site, mobile app, social commerce, or brand owned stores.
- Distributed InventoryA stock management model where the same items are held at multiple locations such as regional fulfillment centers, retail backrooms, or third party logistics sites. Orders are routed to the location with available stock based on proximity, service level commitments, and operational constraints. The approach relies on network wide visibility, inventory balancing through replenishment or transfers, and clear rules for safety stock and order cutoffs. It contrasts with a single site centralized inventory model.
- Distribution CenterA facility that receives inbound goods, holds inventory for short periods, and prepares outbound orders for stores, wholesalers, or consumers. Core functions include receiving, putaway, slotting, picking, packing, and shipping, supported by a warehouse management system and material handling equipment. Many sites also perform value added services such as labeling, kitting, light assembly, and returns processing. It differs from a warehouse that primarily provides longer term storage.
- Dock SchedulingThe process of planning and managing truck appointments at a facility’s loading docks. It allocates doors and time windows for inbound and outbound loads, records appointments, sequences arrivals and departures, and coordinates check in, door assignment, live unload or drop trailer, and check out. Dock scheduling systems often integrate with warehouse, transportation, and yard management to apply constraints such as door compatibility, dock capacity, equipment availability, load type, service time, and labor schedules, while tracking status from arrival to departure.
- DrayageShort distance ground transport of ocean or intermodal containers between locations such as a port, rail ramp, container yard, warehouse, or distribution center. It includes picking up a loaded container, moving it to a nearby facility, and returning the empty or an export load, as well as terminal transfers between yards or modes. Carriers bill drayage as a separate charge from linehaul and it is often used to connect port or rail arrivals with the next leg of a shipment.
- Drop ShippingDrop shipping is a retail fulfillment method where a seller does not keep the products it sells in stock. Instead, when a customer places an order, the seller forwards the order details to a supplier (such as a manufacturer or wholesaler), who then ships the product directly to the customer. In this arrangement, the retailer acts as an intermediary and does not handle or store the goods. The items bypass the retailer’s warehouse entirely, with order fulfillment handled by the supplier.
- Drop TrailerA trailer left by a motor carrier at a shipper or consignee for loading or unloading without the driver waiting. The tractor disconnects and departs, then the same or another tractor returns to retrieve the trailer when it is ready. Drop trailer programs often use trailer pools and yard management controls and are common in truckload moves. Related term drop and hook refers to picking up a preloaded trailer while leaving an empty.
- Dry VanAn enclosed, non refrigerated box trailer used to transport general freight by road. It shields cargo from weather and road debris and typically loads through rear doors at a dock or with a liftgate. In North America a common length is 53 feet. It is not used for temperature controlled goods, liquids, or oversized loads.
- DunnageProtective materials placed around, between, or under cargo to prevent movement and damage during transport, handling, or storage. It fills voids, braces and cushions loads, and can separate layers or distribute weight. Common forms include inflatable bags, foam, corrugated cardboard, wood blocking, pallets, pads, and edge protectors. Dunnage may be single use or reusable and is selected to match the mode, packaging, and load weight.
- Duty DrawbackA customs program that refunds some or all import duties, taxes, and eligible fees when imported goods are later exported, destroyed under customs control, or used as inputs in products that are exported. Requirements and refund levels vary by jurisdiction and typically require documented linkage between the import and the export.
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- E-FulfillmentProcessing online orders from receipt to handoff to a carrier. It covers order capture from ecommerce platforms, inventory storage, pick and pack, shipping label creation, and parcel dispatch. Systems commonly sync tracking updates and handle returns so items can be received, inspected, and restocked.
- EcommerceBuying and selling goods or services over the internet through online stores, marketplaces, and business portals. It includes product browsing, pricing, checkout, payment processing, tax calculation, and order confirmation. Operations link to inventory, customer accounts, and fulfillment systems for shipping or digital delivery.
- Ecommerce FulfillmentThe process of completing an online order from inventory to delivery. It includes receiving and storing stock, order allocation, picking, packing, parcel labeling, carrier handoff, and delivery confirmation. It may also cover kitting, inserts, and returns processing, and can be handled in house or by a third party provider.
- Ecommerce IntegrationThe technical connection that links an online store to other systems and automates data exchange. It connects shopping carts and marketplaces with enterprise resource planning ERP, warehouse and order management systems WMS and OMS, payment processors, and carrier systems, synchronizing orders, inventory, product catalog, pricing, shipping labels, tracking, and returns through application programming interfaces APIs, webhooks, or electronic data interchange EDI.
- Ecommerce Laws and RegulationsLegal requirements that govern online buying and selling across domestic and cross border markets. They cover consumer rights and disclosures, returns and refunds, data privacy and security, electronic contracts and signatures, taxes including sales tax and VAT, payment processing and anti money laundering rules, advertising and email rules, product safety and labeling, restricted goods, shipping terms, customs and export controls, intellectual property, accessibility, and recordkeeping. Specific obligations and enforcement bodies vary by country and industry.
- Ecommerce PackagingPackaging designed for goods shipped directly to consumers through parcel carriers. It covers the outer container such as boxes or mailers, internal cushioning, closures, and shipping labels. Specifications address product protection, carrier handling, and size and weight rules including dimensional weight. Many programs add tamper evidence and return materials or instructions.
- Ecommerce ShippingThe process of moving online orders from a seller or fulfillment center to the customer. It covers service selection and rate calculation based on weight, dimensional weight, size, destination, and speed, creation of shipping labels, carrier handoff, tracking and delivery confirmation, and return shipment handling. Cross border shipments require customs data and duty or tax processing.
- Economic Order Quantity (EAQ)A formula that sets the order size for a single item that minimizes the combined cost of placing orders and holding inventory. The classic model assumes constant demand and lead time, a fixed cost per order, a constant unit price, no stockouts, and one stocking location. Formula Q* equals the square root of 2 D S divided by H, where D is demand per period, S is ordering cost per order, and H is holding cost per unit per period.
- EDI MappingThe specification that defines how fields in an EDI transaction set correspond to data in a sender or receiver system, including segment order, loops, qualifiers, and allowed codes. A mapping details translation rules for formats, units, dates, default values, and cross references, and captures partner specific requirements for X12 850, 856, 810 and EDIFACT messages. It also sets validations and required acknowledgments such as 997 or CONTRL.
- Einstein Fulfillment Best for brands with larger catalogs or items that need careful handling. Services include lot and expiration tracking, returns, marketplace/cart integrations, and tailored unboxing work; reported accuracy sits in the high-90s. They decline pallet-in/pallet-out and storage-only engagements.
- Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)The structured, machine readable exchange of business documents between trading partners using agreed standards and protocols. EDI carries transaction sets such as 850 purchase order, 856 advance ship notice, and 810 invoice in formats like ANSI X12 or UN EDIFACT, with envelopes, segments, qualifiers, and control numbers. Messages are sent via AS2, SFTP, or value added networks, with functional acknowledgments such as 997 or CONTRL and trading partner agreements that define formats, codes, and timing.
- Estimated DeliveryA projected arrival date or window for a shipment, shown at checkout and on tracking pages. The estimate is calculated from carrier service standards, selected shipping method, cutoff and handling times, distance between origin and destination, weekends and holidays, and any required customs processing. It is an informational forecast and can change based on transit events.
- Expedited ShippingA carrier service level that accelerates delivery compared with standard shipping through priority handling, faster modes such as air or express ground, and time definite routing. Offered as next day, two day, or same day services. Typically priced higher and may include earlier order cutoff times, size or weight limits, and limited service areas.
- Export LicenseA government authorization that permits the export, reexport, or transfer of specified goods, software, or technical data to a named foreign destination. It is required when the item, end use, end user, or destination is controlled by law. The license lists the approved parties, destination, classification, quantities, validity period, and conditions, and is reviewed during carrier and customs screening. It is issued by a national export control authority and is separate from routine shipping documents.
- Export TariffA tax imposed by a government on goods when they leave the country. It is assessed by customs during export clearance and is usually calculated either as a percentage of the shipment value free on board or as a fixed charge per unit or weight. Rates and coverage are set in the national tariff schedule by product code such as the HS code. It differs from an import tariff, which applies to goods entering a country.
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- Fca Free CarrierAn Incoterms rule in which the seller delivers goods, cleared for export, to the carrier or another party named by the buyer at a specified place. Risk transfers to the buyer when the goods are handed over at that point. If delivery is at the seller’s premises, the seller loads the goods. If delivery is at another place, the seller presents the goods and the buyer handles unloading. FCA applies to any mode of transport, and the buyer arranges main carriage and insurance.
- Fcl Full Container LoadA shipment in which one shipper books a container for exclusive use from origin to destination. The container is packed and sealed at origin, moved as a single unit through port and inland transport, and opened at destination. Charges are quoted per container rather than by volume, and documents typically list one shipper and one consignee. Contrasts with LCL, where space is shared among multiple shippers.
- Fill RateA service level metric that shows the share of demand satisfied from on hand inventory without backorders or later shipments. Common formula is units shipped on first release divided by units ordered, expressed as a percentage. Variants include order fill rate, line fill rate, and case fill rate, applied to whole orders, individual order lines, or cases. Higher values reflect fewer stockouts at the time of order.
- First in First Out (FIFO)An inventory valuation and stock rotation approach in which the earliest acquired units are recorded as used or sold first. In accounting, cost of goods sold is priced using the oldest unit costs, and ending inventory reflects more recent purchase or production costs. In warehousing, it is a picking rule that moves older dated lots before newer ones.
- Flat Rate ShippingA carrier pricing option that charges one fixed fee for a parcel that fits a specified box or size tier, regardless of destination zone or weight up to the program limit. The carrier defines eligibility rules such as acceptable contents, maximum weight, and required packaging. Optional services and surcharges are billed separately.
- Flow ForecastingThe projection of the volume, mix, and timing of goods, orders, and shipments moving through a facility or network over a defined period. Built from transaction history and current plans, it estimates inbound receipts, work in process, and outbound demand by time interval to support scheduling of labor, space, and transportation capacity.
- Flow Through DistributionA distribution approach where goods pass through a facility with little or no storage, moving from receiving to outbound staging in a short window. Inbound loads are deconsolidated and sorted to destinations or orders, sometimes with light handling such as labeling or case breaking, then loaded to outbound carriers the same day or next day.
- Fob Free on BoardAn Incoterms rule for sea and inland waterway shipments where the seller delivers and risk transfers once goods are loaded on the buyer nominated vessel at the named port of shipment. The seller handles export packaging, transport to the port, export clearance, and loading on board. The buyer selects the carrier and pays ocean freight, insurance if purchased, and import clearance and duties. Under Incoterms guidance, FOB is intended for non containerized cargo, while FCA is often used for container shipments.
- Forecast AccuracyA metric that quantifies how closely predicted demand matches actual demand over a defined period. Reported as a percentage, often calculated as one hundred percent minus mean absolute percentage error, or derived from error measures such as mean absolute error or root mean squared error. Results can be reported by product, location, and time bucket to assess forecasting performance against observed outcomes.
- Foreign Trade Zone FtzA designated site in the United States treated as outside U.S. customs territory for duty assessment, authorized by the FTZ Board and supervised by Customs and Border Protection. Merchandise may be admitted to store, inspect, relabel, assemble, or manufacture without formal customs entry, with duties and certain taxes deferred until goods enter domestic commerce. Inverted tariff treatment can apply, and goods reexported from the zone generally incur no U.S. duty, subject to customs control and recordkeeping requirements.
- Fourth Party Logistics 4PLA supply chain integrator that designs, coordinates, and oversees end to end logistics using multiple third party providers and carriers. A 4PL serves as a single point of contact, managing provider selection, contracts, service levels, and data integration across transportation, warehousing, and fulfillment. It typically operates without owning physical assets and runs a control tower for network monitoring, planning, and exception handling. Unlike a 3PL that executes specific operations, a 4PL orchestrates and governs those operations across providers.
- Free TimeThe period allowed by a carrier, port, rail ramp, or warehouse during which containers, trailers, or cargo may remain at a facility or on hired equipment without storage, demurrage, or detention charges. Contract terms or tariffs define when the clock starts and stops, how days are counted, and where it applies. After free time ends, the relevant fees accrue until the unit is picked up, returned, or released.
- Freight AlignmentThe process of matching a shipper’s freight profile to carriers, modes, and lanes that can meet its volumes, equipment needs, service levels, and pickup and delivery windows. It relies on lane level data such as origin and destination pairs, shipment frequency, weight and cube, commodity and packaging, and any special handling or accessorial requirements. The output is a routing guide with volume allocations, contract terms, and primary and backup carriers for defined lanes.
- Freight AuditA review of carrier invoices to confirm charges match contracted rates, tariffs, and shipment details. It validates lanes, mode, weight and dimensions, service level, fuel and accessorials, taxes, currency, and supporting documents such as proof of delivery, while checking for duplicates and misclassifications. Audits may occur before payment pre audit or after payment post audit. The output is approved bills, exceptions for dispute or correction, and coded data for payment, cost allocation, and reporting.
- Freight BiddingA competitive process where shippers request price and service offers from carriers or brokers for defined lanes, volumes, and service levels. Bids are gathered via request for proposal or spot events and assessed on rates, capacity commitments, transit time, equipment, accessorial terms, and compliance. Awards assign freight to selected providers for a set period or specific loads, documented in rate sheets or contracts.
- Freight BrokerageA service that connects shippers with authorized carriers and arranges transportation without owning the trucks or other assets. Brokers source capacity, negotiate rates, verify carrier qualifications and insurance, tender and track loads, and handle documentation, billing, and claims. Compensation is typically the difference between the shipper rate and the carrier payment or a stated fee.
- Freight CarrierA company that transports cargo for hire by road, rail, air, or sea. It operates the conveyance, holds any required authority, accepts custody of freight, and is legally responsible for carriage under documents such as a bill of lading or air waybill. Carriers can be common or contract and may focus on parcel, less than truckload, full truckload, intermodal, or ocean shipping, providing pickup, linehaul, and delivery.
- Freight ClaimsA formal demand to a carrier for monetary compensation related to cargo loss, damage, shortage, delay, or billing errors during transportation. Claims may be filed by the shipper, consignee, or an assignee and rely on the bill of lading, delivery receipts, and supporting proof such as invoices, photos, and inspection reports. Liability rules, filing deadlines, and documentation requirements are set by the carriage contract, tariffs, and applicable laws, and they vary by mode and jurisdiction.
- Freight ClassA standardized rating used in United States less than truckload shipping that groups commodities by transport characteristics to set rates and rules. Classes run from 50 to 500. Assignment considers density, handling, stowability, and liability. Each commodity links to an NMFC item number used for pricing and claims.
- Freight ConsolidationThe practice of combining multiple smaller shipments into a single larger load moved under one linehaul to a shared destination or hub. Shipments can originate from one shipper across orders or from several shippers with compatible lanes. Consolidation takes place at a cross dock or forwarder facility and is followed by deconsolidation for final delivery. It is common in trucking such as LTL pool programs and in ocean moves where LCL cargo is grouped, often under one bill of lading for the consolidated leg.
- Freight ConsolidatorA logistics provider that aggregates smaller shipments from one or more shippers into a single move for a shared route or destination. The consolidator receives cargo at a cross dock or container freight station, builds the linehaul load such as pooled LTL, air freight pallets, or LCL ocean containers, and issues house bills tied to a master bill of lading or master air waybill for the consolidated leg. Responsibilities include arranging pickup, scheduling the linehaul, managing deconsolidation at the destination facility, and releasing freight to final mile carriers.
- Freight FactoringA financing arrangement in which a carrier or freight broker sells freight invoices to a third party factor at a discount for immediate payment. The factor advances a percentage of the invoice value and releases the remainder, minus fees, when the payer remits. Risk of nonpayment depends on contract type where recourse requires the client to repurchase unpaid invoices and non recourse places approved credit risk with the factor. Transactions rely on valid bills of lading and proof of delivery and often include credit checks and collections handled by the factor.
- Freight ForwarderA logistics intermediary that plans and arranges shipments for a shipper. Tasks include selecting and booking carriers, routing across modes, consolidating cargo, preparing transport and trade documents, coordinating customs clearance through licensed brokers, and arranging cargo insurance. Forwarders often issue house bills of lading. Unless they operate as a carrier such as an NVOCC or as an air cargo agent, they act as the shipper’s agent rather than the carrier of record.
- Freight ForwardingThe service of planning and arranging the movement of goods on behalf of a shipper across domestic or international legs. It covers rate quoting, carrier selection and booking, routing across modes, cargo consolidation, preparation of transport and trade documents, coordination of customs clearance through licensed brokers, and arrangement of cargo insurance and final delivery. In most cases the forwarder acts as the shipper’s agent and may issue a house bill of lading while underlying carriers transport the freight.
- Freight Invoice AuditA review of carrier invoices to confirm that billed charges match contracted rates and the actual shipment. The audit compares lane, mode, weight or class, dimensions, distance, fuel and accessorial fees to the bill of lading, shipment tender, and proof of delivery. It identifies duplicates and rating errors, applies taxes and surcharges as specified, allocates costs to accounts or cost centers, and results in approval or dispute before payment.
- Freight OptimizationThe analytic process of planning shipments to minimize total transportation cost while meeting service, capacity, and regulatory constraints. It selects mode and carrier, builds loads, consolidates orders, sequences stops, assigns time windows, and balances weight and cube across trailers or containers using rates, transit times, and available capacity. Results include tender plans, routing guides, dock schedules, and performance measures such as cost per shipment, on time pickup and delivery, and equipment utilization.
- Freight Rate ManagementThe administration of carrier pricing across lanes and modes, from sourcing to daily use. It includes gathering and negotiating tariffs and contracts, normalizing file formats, loading rates into a rating engine or a transportation management system, and maintaining rules for fuel, accessorials, minimums, currencies, and validity periods. It also covers invoice auditing against contracted terms, tracking general rate increases, and updating routing guides so shipments are priced according to the agreed schedule.
- Freight ReleaseAuthorization from a carrier or its agent that all freight charges for a shipment have been paid and required documents are in order, allowing the cargo to be made available to the consignee. In ocean transport, it follows validation of the bill of lading and payment and may be issued as a telex release or express release, enabling a delivery order. Once the release is recorded, the terminal or warehouse can permit pickup or interchange to the next carrier.
- FTLA trucking mode in which one shipper reserves an entire trailer for a single pickup and a single delivery. Shipments typically move direct from origin to destination rather than through terminals, with capacity limited by trailer weight, cube, or linear feet. Pricing is often quoted by lane or miles with a fuel surcharge, and equipment includes dry van, refrigerated trailer, and flatbed.
- Fuel SurchargeAn additional fee on a freight bill that reflects changes in fuel prices. It is usually linked to a public fuel price index, updated on a stated schedule, and applied as a percentage of the linehaul rate or as a per mile or per shipment amount. The trigger level, formula, and update method are defined in the tariff or contract.
- FulfillmentThe process of completing an order from receipt to delivery. It includes order capture, inventory allocation, picking, packing, labeling, documentation, carrier booking, and shipment handoff with tracking updates and proof of delivery. It can also include returns processing, exchanges, and value added steps such as kitting or gift packing, performed in a warehouse, store, or third party facility.
- Fulfillment By Amazon (FBA)An Amazon service where third party sellers send products to Amazon fulfillment centers. Amazon stores inventory and manages marketplace orders, including picking, packing, labeling, carrier booking, shipping, tracking updates, customer service, and returns. Sellers create inbound shipments and must meet prep and packaging rules. Fees include storage and per unit fulfillment charges, with possible surcharges for aged or peak storage. Inventory may qualify for Prime and can also be used to fulfill non Amazon orders through Multi Channel Fulfillment.
- Fulfillment By Merchant (FBM)An Amazon arrangement where the seller stores inventory and ships marketplace orders from its own facility or a non Amazon third party provider. The seller manages order processing, picking, packing, labeling, carrier selection, tracking updates, and returns. The account must meet Amazon requirements for order confirmation, on time shipment, valid tracking, and customer service metrics. Marketplace fees apply, while storage and fulfillment costs are borne by the merchant or its provider rather than Amazon.
- Fulfillment CenterA distribution facility that receives inbound goods, stores inventory, and processes customer orders. Core tasks include inventory control, order allocation, picking, packing, labeling, documentation, and handoff to parcel or freight carriers. Many sites also handle kitting, light assembly, personalization, and returns. Systems typically integrate with commerce and order management platforms to synchronize stock levels and transmit tracking data.
- Fulfillment CompanyA third party logistics provider that receives goods, stores inventory, and ships customer orders for another business. Core work includes inbound receiving and putaway, inventory control, order picking and packing, labeling, documentation, carrier handoff, and returns processing. Many also offer value added services such as kitting, light assembly, customization, and retailer compliance prep. Systems connect with ecommerce platforms, marketplaces, and order management tools to import orders, sync stock levels, and transmit tracking details.
- Fulfillment ServicesA set of operations that receive goods, store inventory, process orders, and hand off parcels or freight to carriers. Activities commonly include inbound receiving and putaway, inventory control, order picking and packing, labeling, documentation, carrier selection, shipment processing, and returns handling. Many providers also perform value added work such as kitting, light assembly, custom packaging, and retailer compliance preparation. Systems connect with ecommerce platforms and order management tools to import orders, update stock levels, and share tracking data.
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- Geofencing in LogisticsThe use of GPS or cellular location data to set a virtual boundary around a site, route segment, or region. When a truck or asset crosses the boundary, the system records the event and can trigger actions such as arrival and departure timestamps, status updates to transportation or warehouse management systems, driver notifications, gate access control, and proof of service logs. Common applications include route adherence, yard and dock scheduling, detention time tracking, security alerts, and customer ETA updates. Geofence event data supports audits and performance metrics such as on time delivery and dwell time.
- Global FulfillmentThe coordination of warehousing, order processing, and delivery across multiple countries. It covers inventory placement in regional facilities, order routing to the nearest site, cross border shipping, customs documentation with HS codes, and duty and tax calculation using DDP or DAP terms. Related tasks include selecting local carriers, meeting country specific labeling and data requirements, validating international addresses, screening restricted goods, and handling returns across borders.
- Gold 3PL Gold 3PL runs warehouse, order, and transport systems with electronic data interchange for retailer programs, handles both direct-to-consumer and wholesale, and takes on high-SKU catalogs with kitting, returns, and value-add work. Average employee tenure is 8.5 years, client retention trends high, and monthly minimums apply.
- Goods HandlingThe organized movement, storage, and preparation of goods within warehouses and transport hubs. It covers unloading and receiving, putaway, internal transfer, picking, packing, loading, and dispatch, with inspection, labeling, and documentation at each step. Work follows handling instructions and legal rules for weight, packaging, hazardous materials, and product identification, using equipment such as forklifts, pallet jacks, conveyors, and barcode or RFID scanning.
- Green LogisticsThe planning and operation of transportation, warehousing, and distribution to reduce environmental impact. It includes measuring and managing fuel use and emissions, selecting lower impact modes and routes, running energy efficient facilities, using reusable or recyclable packaging, handling waste and returns responsibly, and meeting environmental regulations and reporting requirements.
- Gross WeightThe total weight of a shipment, including the goods and all packaging and handling units such as inner packs, cartons, pallets, crates, and dunnage. It equals net weight plus tare weight. Carriers and customs record gross weight on shipping documents to apply weight limits and calculate charges.
- Ground ShippingThe movement of parcels or freight over land by truck or rail through parcel, less than truckload, and full truckload networks. Carriers quote time in business days and operate on scheduled routes. Pricing reflects weight, dimensions, distance, and service level, with dimensional weight used for many parcel shipments and class or density used for LTL. Cross border moves require customs documentation.
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- Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP)A structured food safety system that identifies biological, chemical, and physical hazards across production, storage, and distribution. It designates critical control points where hazards can be prevented, eliminated, or reduced to an acceptable level, with defined limits, monitoring, corrective actions, verification, and recordkeeping. HACCP is used by food manufacturers, warehouses, and carriers to control contamination risk throughout the supply chain.
- HazmatShort for hazardous materials, goods that pose risk to health, safety, property, or the environment during storage or transport. These items are classified by hazard type and quantity and are subject to transport regulations governing packaging, labeling, placarding, documentation, segregation, and trained handling across all modes.
- HS CodeAn international product classification system maintained by the World Customs Organization. It assigns a six digit base code arranged by chapters, headings, and subheadings, which many countries extend with extra digits for national tariffs and statistics. HS codes are used on customs documents to identify goods, determine duty rates, apply trade controls, and compile trade data. The nomenclature is reviewed and updated on a regular cycle.
- HTS CodeThe United States tariff classification for imported goods that extends the Harmonized System to ten digits. The first six digits mirror the HS structure of chapters, headings, and subheadings, and the remaining digits are United States specific for duty rates and statistical reporting. HTS codes are required on import entries and used to classify goods, assess duties, apply quotas and trade remedies, and generate trade statistics. The schedule is published by the United States International Trade Commission and updated periodically.
- Hub and Spoke DistributionA network design that routes shipments through a central hub facility where goods from multiple origins are received, sorted, consolidated or deconsolidated, and dispatched to regional facilities or final destinations called spokes. It concentrates long haul moves between the hub and uses shorter local legs for pickup and delivery, common in parcel, less than truckload, and air cargo operations.
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- Import LicenseAn official authorization issued by a government agency that permits a named importer to bring specified goods into a country. It typically lists the importer and seller, product description and tariff classification, country of origin, quantity or value limits, and a validity period, and may be single use or multiple use. Licenses are required for regulated or restricted items such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals, agricultural goods, weapons, and products subject to quotas or sanctions before customs release.
- Import QuotaA legal cap on the quantity or value of a specified product that may be imported during a defined period. The limit is set by tariff classifications and measured in units such as pieces, weight, volume, or declared value. Quotas may be global across all origins or allocated by exporting country. Administration can include quota licenses or certificates and tariff rate quotas, where a set amount enters at one duty and volumes above it face a higher duty. Customs enforces the cap at entry.
- In House FulfillmentA fulfillment model where a retailer or brand performs warehousing and order handling itself rather than using a third party logistics provider. It covers receiving and storing inventory, maintaining stock records, picking and packing orders, printing shipping labels, tendering shipments to carriers, managing returns, and related recordkeeping. Operations use the company’s own space, staff, and systems, including compliance with packaging, carrier, and documentation requirements.
- Inbound LogisticsThe planning, coordination, and control of goods moving from suppliers to a warehouse, plant, or fulfillment center. It includes purchase order management, carrier selection and routing, appointment scheduling, international paperwork and customs clearance when required, transport and delivery, receiving, unloading, inspection and discrepancy handling, putaway, and updates to inventory systems.
- IncotermsStandard trade definitions published by the International Chamber of Commerce used in international and domestic sales contracts. They specify the named place of delivery, the point where risk transfers, which party arranges and pays for transport, export and import clearance, insurance when a rule requires it, and required documents. Examples include EXW, FOB, CIF, and DDP. Incoterms allocate costs and risk but do not set price, transfer ownership, or dictate payment terms.
- Intermodal DrayageTruck transport that moves ocean or rail containers over short distances between nodes in an intermodal move, for example from a port or rail ramp to a warehouse or another carrier. It uses ISO containers on a chassis and may include pickup, live unload or drop, and the return of the container and chassis or an empty to a designated terminal. Timing follows gate hours, appointments, and rail or vessel cutoffs, and charges can include free time, detention, and demurrage under carrier and terminal rules.
- Intermodal ShippingMovement of freight in one continuous route using two or more transportation modes without unloading the cargo itself. Transfers occur at terminals using standardized containers or trailers across truck, rail, and ocean. Shipments are documented under a single or linked bill of lading, with charges that may include linehaul, drayage, and terminal handling. Tracking uses equipment identifiers such as container numbers and chassis identifiers during handoffs.
- Intermodal TransportationCoordinated movement of cargo across multiple transport modes in one journey while the goods remain in the same container, swap body, or trailer. Transfers happen at rail ramps and marine terminals using lifting equipment. Typical legs include origin drayage, linehaul by rail or vessel, and destination drayage under a through or linked bill of lading. Tracking relies on equipment identifiers such as container, trailer, and chassis numbers across carriers.
- IntralogisticsManagement of material and information flows within a facility or campus from inbound receiving to staging, storage, picking, packing, value added services, and outbound shipping. It covers layout design, equipment and labor planning, and control systems such as WMS, WES, conveyors, sorters, and autonomous mobile robots. Movement and traceability are coordinated between docks, storage locations, workstations, and production lines and tracked with metrics such as throughput, order cycle time, and inventory accuracy.
- Inventory Accuracy RateThe percentage of inventory records that match a verified physical count. Calculated as counted quantity divided by recorded quantity, or as one minus the number of discrepancies divided by the number of records checked. Reported by item, location, or facility and by attribute such as quantity, location, lot or serial number, and condition. Derived from cycle counts or full physical inventories over a defined period.
- Inventory AgingAnalysis of how long inventory has been on hand, measured by days since receipt or last movement and summarized in time buckets such as 0 to 30 days, 31 to 60, and older. It identifies aging stock including slow moving and obsolete items, supports valuation and write down decisions, and informs storage, replenishment, and disposition actions. Common outputs include aging reports by SKU, location, and value, the share of inventory beyond a target age, and average days on hand.
- Inventory AuditA structured examination that compares physical stock with inventory records to verify quantity, location, condition, valuation, and ownership. Procedures include test counts, tracing transactions to and from source documents such as purchase orders, receipts, transfers, and shipments, cutoff checks at period end, and reconciliation of variances. Findings update records and support financial reporting and compliance. Audits may be conducted by internal teams or independent auditors and may be cycle based or full counts.
- Inventory Cycle TimeThe elapsed time between receiving goods into stock and their removal through sale, shipment, or consumption. Often stated in days as days in period divided by inventory turnover. It may also be estimated as average inventory on hand divided by average daily demand. The metric shows how long items remain in storage and informs replenishment and capacity planning.
- Inventory ForecastingThe practice of estimating future stock needs over a defined horizon using data on past demand, on hand quantities, lead times, and open orders. Methods include moving averages, exponential smoothing, and time series models. Results guide reorder points, safety stock levels, and purchase or production schedules. Accuracy is often tracked with measures such as mean absolute percentage error and forecast bias.
- Inventory ManagementThe planning, tracking, and control of stock from purchase through storage, replenishment, picking, and disposition. It applies methods such as ABC analysis, reorder points, safety stock, economic order quantity, cycle counting, and lot or serial tracking. Decisions draw on demand forecasts, lead times, and on hand balances, typically recorded in WMS or ERP systems with barcodes or RFID. Performance is measured with inventory turnover, days of inventory on hand, carrying cost, and fill rate.
- Inventory TurnoverA metric showing how many times inventory is sold or used and replenished during a reporting period. Calculated as cost of goods sold divided by average inventory valued at cost, with average inventory commonly taken as beginning plus ending inventory divided by two. Some organizations use a retail version based on net sales. Days of inventory on hand equals 365 divided by inventory turnover.
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- Jewelry FulfillmentWarehousing and order processing for jewelry and watches, from inbound receiving to final delivery. Workflows include controlled storage, SKU and often serial tracking, condition checks, pick and pack using protective and tamper evident packaging, inclusion of documentation such as certificates when supplied, shipment booking with insurance and signature service levels, and returns handling with inspection and reconciliation.
- Just in Time Inventory JITAn inventory method in which materials, components, and finished goods are purchased, produced, or moved only when required for the next step or for customer shipment, keeping on hand stock low. It uses demand signals, frequent replenishment, and coordinated supplier scheduling to time deliveries and production with actual consumption.
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- Kanban SystemA visual pull method for managing inventory and workflow. Consumption triggers a signal card or digital entry that authorizes replenishment or the next task. It defines reorder points and lot sizes, limits work in process, and synchronizes stages so materials move in response to actual demand.
- Key Performance Indicator KPIA quantifiable metric tied to a defined objective and used to track results over time. In logistics and warehousing, examples include order accuracy rate, on time delivery, inventory turnover, dock to stock time, and cost per order. A KPI states the measure, formula, unit, target, time frame, and data source to enable consistent comparison.
- KittingThe process of assembling separate items into a ready to ship set that is handled as one inventory unit. A kit follows a defined bill of materials, is built under a work order, and includes steps to pick, verify, and package components with any required labels or inserts. Inventory systems deduct component quantities and create a finished kit SKU when the build is completed. Common uses include product bundles, subscription boxes, promotional sets, and pre assembly for manufacturing.
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- Labor ManagementThe planning, assignment, and measurement of warehouse and fulfillment workforce activity. It covers forecasting staffing needs from order and receipt volumes, building schedules, allocating labor to tasks, and tracking time, attendance, and performance. Labor standards from time studies or historical data define expected rates for picking, packing, putaway, and other tasks. A labor management system links with the warehouse management system to capture scan events and report metrics such as units per hour, utilization, and indirect time. Results provide data for payroll, training, safety procedures, and compliance with labor rules.
- Landed CostThe total expense to move a product from the seller to the buyer’s named location, calculated as purchase price plus freight, insurance, duties and taxes, customs brokerage and clearance fees, port and terminal charges, documentation and security fees, and final inland transport and handling. Components included depend on the Incoterm and the specific point named in the contract.
- Lane AnalysisThe evaluation of freight movement between a defined origin and destination pair using historical shipment data to assess cost and service. Typical measures include volume and frequency, weight and cube, rate per mile or per hundredweight, accessorial charges, transit time, on time performance, claims history, carrier and mode mix, capacity utilization, and variability. Findings inform routing guides, carrier bids, and network design decisions.
- Last In First Out (LIFO)An inventory rotation and cost flow method in which the newest units are issued or recorded first. In accounting it assigns recent purchase costs to cost of goods sold and older costs to ending inventory. In warehouse practice it directs picking from the most recently received stock and contrasts with FIFO.
- Last Mile DeliveryThe final movement of a shipment from a local node such as a distribution center, post office, store, or locker to the consignee. It covers parcels and bulky goods using parcel networks, postal services, couriers, and regional delivery firms. Core tasks include address validation, route planning, pickup from a local terminal or store, delivery attempts, signature or photo proof of delivery, returns pickup, and exception handling. Common service levels are same day, next day, scheduled window, contactless drop off, and white glove. Performance is tracked with on time rate, first attempt success, and cost per stop.
- Lcl Less Than Container LoadAn ocean freight service where shipments from multiple shippers share one container. A consolidator groups cargo at an origin container freight station, issues a house bill of lading to each shipper, and tenders a master bill to the carrier. The container moves to a destination station for devanning, then freight is released for pickup or final delivery. Charges are based on chargeable volume or weight plus common station and documentation fees. Transit typically includes extra time for consolidation and deconsolidation compared with full container load.
- Lead Logistics Provider (LLP)A service model in which one provider designs, coordinates, and oversees a shipper’s entire logistics network. The LLP selects and manages third party logistics providers and carriers, runs transportation procurement, sets routing and service standards, and allocates loads. It operates centralized planning and visibility, often through a transportation management system, and reports performance against agreed metrics. Distinct from a 3PL that executes specific services, the LLP serves as the single coordination point across all logistics partners.
- Lead TimeThe total elapsed time between starting an activity and its completion. In supply chain contexts it is the interval from placing a purchase order to having goods available for use or sale, covering order processing, production or picking and packing, transportation, customs clearance when applicable, and receiving. Common types include supplier lead time, manufacturing lead time, customer order lead time, and cumulative lead time. It is measured in days or hours and informs reorder points, safety stock, and delivery commitments.
- Lean WarehousingThe application of lean principles to warehouse operations to reduce waste, standardize work, and accelerate material flow. It focuses on waste types such as waiting, excess transport, unnecessary motion, overproduction, defects, excess inventory, extra processing, and underused skills. Common practices include 5S, visual management, standard work, value stream mapping, pull based replenishment, slotting reviews, smaller batch sizes, cross docking, and continuous improvement through kaizen, tracked with metrics such as dock to stock time, order cycle time, pick accuracy, labor productivity, and space utilization.
- Line HaulThe main transport segment that moves freight between terminals or hubs over longer distances, separate from local pickup and final delivery. In pricing it refers to charges for the trunk move on the core route, often calculated by distance, weight, or zone.
- Load TenderA formal offer from a shipper or broker asking a carrier to move a specific shipment. It lists pickup and delivery locations and dates, equipment type, commodity, weight or volume, accessorials, rate, and reference numbers, along with service windows and terms. Sent through a transportation management system by EDI 204, API, email, or portal, it requires the carrier to accept or decline, and acceptance records the booking.
- Load TenderingThe process of offering a shipment to a carrier and obtaining acceptance. A shipper or broker sends a load tender through a transportation management system by EDI 204, API, email, or portal with pickup and delivery details, time windows, equipment type, commodity, weight and dimensions, accessorials, and rate or contract terms. Carrier responses accept or decline and confirm capacity. Common methods include primary award, waterfall tendering to backup carriers, broadcast to multiple carriers, and spot bidding under routing guide rules.
- LogisticsThe planning, execution, and control of the movement and storage of goods and related information from origin to destination to meet defined requirements. It covers transportation by all modes, warehousing, order processing, inventory control, packaging, materials handling, network design, last mile, reverse flows such as returns and recycling, and customs and compliance for cross border trade.
- Logistics ConsultingAdvisory and project work that assesses and improves logistics operations across transportation, warehousing, inventory, order fulfillment, and reverse flows. Practitioners collect and analyze operational and cost data, model scenarios such as network footprint and mode mix, define requirements and KPIs, select carriers and systems, and produce implementation plans for process and technology changes. Engagements may include RFP design, compliance review, and performance audits.
- LTL ShippingA motor freight service for shipments that do not fill a trailer, where freight from multiple shippers shares space on one truck. Carriers route pallets through a terminal network using hub and spoke operations with local pickup and delivery and long distance line haul. Rates are based on freight class or density plus weight, distance, lane, and accessorial charges, and shipments move under a bill of lading.
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- Mail Everything Pairs e-commerce and subscription programs with branded packaging, and careful product handling. It’s practical for cosmetics, supplements, apparel, books, and project work; monthly minimums apply, and they’re explicit about data practices (GDPR) and controlled-goods standards (cGMP).
- Make to Order (MTO)A production approach where manufacturing starts only after a confirmed customer order, so finished goods are not stocked. The order triggers entry, scheduling, and procurement based on the bill of materials and routings. The model allows item configuration at order placement and focuses planning on capacity and raw materials, with customer lead time including manufacturing and assembly.
- Make To StockA production and inventory approach in which items are manufactured in advance and held as finished goods based on demand forecasts. Customer orders are filled from existing stock rather than triggering new production. Planning focuses on forecast driven schedules, safety stock levels, reorder points, and target service levels. Common measures include fill rate, backorder rate, and inventory turnover.
- ManifestA transport document that itemizes the cargo on a vehicle, vessel, aircraft, or container. It lists shipment identifiers, consignor and consignee, origin and destination, package counts, descriptions, weights, dimensions, and any hazardous or special handling notes. Carriers, terminals, and customs use it to verify loads, allocate space, reconcile handoffs, and satisfy reporting requirements.
- Marine InsuranceInsurance that covers cargo, vessels, and related interests against physical loss or damage during ocean transit, and any connecting storage or inland transport stated in the policy. Cover can include salvage charges, general average contributions, and specified third party liabilities. Policies are commonly voyage, time, or open, with terms set by named perils or all risk clauses such as the Institute Cargo Clauses. Evidence of cover is a policy or certificate of insurance.
- Marine TerminalA port facility where ships berth and cargo is handled. It includes cranes, berths, container or bulk yards, warehouses, gates, and often rail connections. The terminal receives, stores, and stages freight, loads and discharges vessels, and transfers cargo to or from trucks and trains. Operations are run by a terminal operator and follow port tariffs, security rules, and customs controls.
- Marking LabelingThe information printed, affixed, or stamped on packaging and shipping units to identify goods and direct handling. It covers shipper and consignee details, reference numbers, item identifiers such as SKU or GTIN, quantities, weights, dimensions, and routing or handling instructions. Regulatory marks may be required, including country of origin, compliance symbols, hazmat labels, and pallet or carton barcodes such as SSCC. Accurate marking and labeling support carrier acceptance, customs processing, traceability, and inventory control.
- Material Handling Equipment (MHE)The machines, devices, and storage systems used to move, store, stage, and control materials within warehouses, plants, and distribution centers from receiving through shipping. Typical MHE includes lift trucks, pallet jacks, conveyors, sorters, cranes, hoists, racks and shelving, bins and totes, and autonomous mobile or guided vehicles. It covers tasks such as putaway, order picking, packing, and loading and can be manual, powered, or automated.
- MerchantThe seller of record that owns the goods offered for sale and is responsible for pricing, product information, customer billing, and applicable tax collection. In e commerce and marketplace settings, the merchant may fulfill orders directly or through third parties and manages the buyer relationship, including returns and customer service. In ocean and air shipping documents, merchant can also mean any party bound by the contract of carriage such as the shipper, consignee, or holder of the bill of lading.
- Micro Fulfillment Center (MFC)A compact warehouse located in or near population centers that processes online orders for a local area. It handles receiving, storage, picking, packing, and staging, often using high density storage and goods to person or robotic systems. It operates with a smaller footprint and shorter pick paths than a regional distribution center.
- Middle Mile LogisticsThe transport and handling stage that moves goods from ports, plants, or primary distribution centers to regional or local fulfillment nodes before last mile delivery. It covers planning and execution of line haul moves, cross docking, intermodal transfers, and shuttles to position inventory between network facilities. It sits between first mile sourcing and last mile delivery.
- Milk RunA planned loop route in which one vehicle makes sequential pickups or deliveries at multiple locations on a set sequence and schedule. It consolidates small loads into one trip and is used for inbound supplier collections or timed part replenishment within a facility.
- Milk Run LogisticsA transportation method in which one vehicle follows a fixed loop of pickups or deliveries across multiple stops on a set route and timetable. It consolidates small loads into a single trip and is used for inbound supplier collections to a plant or distribution center and for recurring parts replenishment within facilities.
- Minimum Order Quantity (MOQ)The smallest purchase amount a supplier will accept for a specific item or order. It may be set by units, weight, or total value and can vary by SKU, production run, or vendor. MOQ establishes the threshold buyers must meet when placing purchase orders and affects pricing, lead time, and inventory commitments.
- MispickAn order fulfillment error where the wrong SKU, variant, lot, location, or quantity is picked compared to the pick instruction. Mispicks lead to shipment inaccuracies and inventory record discrepancies. Many operations track a mispick rate calculated as mispicked order lines divided by total order lines picked.
- Multi Channel DistributionThe practice of selling and fulfilling products through multiple channels such as a brand website, online marketplaces, retail stores, and wholesale partners. It involves synchronizing listings, pricing, inventory allocation, order routing, and returns management across channels, with performance tracked by channel using measures like sales mix, fill rate, and stock availability.
- Multi Modal TransportMovement of goods using two or more transport modes under a single contract managed by one multimodal transport operator. A single through document covers the entire route, while cargo transfers between modes such as ocean, rail, and truck at terminals without being unpacked.
- Multi Node FulfillmentAn order fulfillment model that stores inventory across multiple facilities and ships from the node that fits each order’s requirements. Assignment typically reflects stock availability, proximity to the delivery address, carrier options, service commitments, and handling needs, with replenishment and returns coordinated across the network.
- Multi Stop TruckloadA full truckload shipment that includes multiple pickup locations, delivery locations, or both on one continuous trip. Stops are sequenced on the bill of lading or load tender, and pricing commonly combines a base line haul with per stop charges. Additional stops introduce appointment windows, dwell time, and routing constraints that can affect total transit time.
- Multi Tier InventoryStock positioned and managed across multiple levels of a supply network such as suppliers, plants, central warehouses, regional distribution centers, and retail or fulfillment locations. Planning considers dependencies between tiers including lead times, demand variability, service targets, and order quantities so buffers work together. It sets where inventory sits, how much is held as safety stock at each level, and how replenishment flows between tiers.
- Multi WarehousingOperating multiple warehouses as one network with shared inventory and order rules. Stock is distributed across locations, recorded in a common system, and moved through interfacility transfers when needed. Orders are assigned to a warehouse using defined criteria such as item availability, proximity to destination, carrier options, and capacity. Policies cover replenishment between sites, returns handling, and performance tracking by facility.
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- Net WeightThe weight of the product alone, excluding packaging, pallets, containers, and dunnage. It is recorded on shipping documents and labels for rating, customs valuation, and inventory accounting. Calculated as gross weight minus tare weight.
- Next Level Resource Partners Built for fast-growing consumer brands that want tighter control of orders and data. They run warehousing and fulfillment, their system ties into Shopify, WooCommerce, Squarespace, BigCommerce and more, plus retailer data connections when needed.
- Non Conveyable ItemsParcels or products that cannot run on automated conveyor systems due to size, weight, shape, packaging, fragility, missing scannable labels, or regulatory limits such as hazardous materials. They require manual or special handling with separate processes for induction, sorting, and loading. Examples include oversized cartons, loose or unboxed goods, cylinders, liquids, and irregularly shaped freight.
- Non Stock ItemA product not held in regular inventory. It is purchased, produced, or sourced only when a specific order or internal request is placed. These items are excluded from standard replenishment and stocking locations, tracked through special order or drop ship workflows, with costs applied directly to the order rather than to inventory balances.
- Nvocc Non Vessel Operating Common CarrierAn ocean freight intermediary that functions as a carrier to shippers without operating its own vessels. It purchases space from vessel operating carriers, consolidates cargo such as LCL, and issues a house bill of lading while taking carrier responsibility to the shipper. It handles bookings, documentation, and routing and may coordinate inland transport through partners. In the United States an NVOCC must be licensed and bonded with the Federal Maritime Commission and publish applicable tariffs.
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- Ocean FreightThe transport of cargo by sea using container, bulk, or breakbulk ships. Charges are set per container or by weight or measure under a carrier bill of lading or service contract. Shipments move as full container load or less than container load and are subject to surcharges such as bunker, security, and terminal handling. Movement covers port handling, on vessel carriage, customs processes, and any inland drayage when arranged.
- Omni Channel FulfillmentCoordinated receipt, picking, packing, and delivery of orders across all sales channels using a single inventory record. Orders can be routed to warehouses, stores, micro fulfillment centers, or drop ship partners based on stock and destination. Common flows include ship from store, buy online pick up in store, ship to store, curbside pickup, and marketplace fulfillment. Returns may be processed by mail or in store and reconciled to the same inventory system.
- Omni Channel InventoryA single pool and record of sellable stock shared across all sales channels and fulfillment locations. It consolidates quantities from warehouses, stores, micro fulfillment sites, and in transit movement. Available to promise reflects on hand units minus committed orders, safety stock, and holds. The inventory record is synchronized among order management, warehouse management, and point of sale systems to keep counts and statuses current for order routing and returns reconciliation.
- On Demand WarehousingA service model that provides temporary access to warehouse space and labor from third party operators, booked as needed. Capacity is contracted per pallet position, bin, or order rather than through a long term lease. Services can include receiving, storage, pick and pack, cross docking, value added work, and returns processing, with pricing tied to space used and activity performed. Inventory and order data connect through system integrations or documented procedures so the temporary site functions as part of the existing network.
- On Time Delivery (OTD)A performance metric showing the share of orders or shipments delivered within the promised delivery window. Calculated as deliveries meeting the committed date and time divided by total deliveries for the period, expressed as a percentage. The promise may come from a purchase order, carrier service commitment, or customer agreement. Variants track early arrivals separately, measure by order line, or use business rather than calendar days.
- Order AccuracyThe share of shipped orders that exactly match the order specifications. Calculated as orders with correct items, quantities, and destination with no unauthorized substitutions or omissions divided by total orders for the period, expressed as a percentage. Variants measure accuracy by order line or unit or include checks for labeling and required documents.
- Order FulfillmentOrder fulfillment is the complete process of receiving a customer order, preparing the requested products, and delivering them to the final destination. It typically includes order processing, picking items from inventory, packing them for shipment, and coordinating with carriers for delivery. Depending on the setup, order fulfillment may be handled directly by a business, outsourced to a third-party provider, or managed through a combination of both. The goal of order fulfillment is to move an order from placement to delivery through a structured sequence of operational steps.
- Order ManagementThe process of capturing, validating, and routing customer orders, reserving inventory, selecting a fulfillment location, releasing pick and pack tasks, creating shipping labels and documents, and updating status through delivery. It also manages exceptions such as backorders, substitutions, cancellations, returns, and exchanges across sales channels.
- Order Management System OmsSoftware that records and controls the lifecycle of customer orders from capture through delivery. It consolidates orders from sales channels, validates payment and address data, allocates inventory, selects a fulfillment location and carrier, triggers pick pack and ship actions, generates labels and invoices, and publishes status and tracking updates. It also manages exceptions such as splits, backorders, substitutions, cancellations, returns, and exchanges, and integrates with ecommerce platforms, ERP, WMS, and TMS.
- Order OrchestrationThe coordinated control of how customer orders move from capture to delivery across channels, systems, and fulfillment locations. It applies business rules to allocate inventory, choose a fulfillment node, set carrier and service level, and decide on actions such as splitting, consolidating, holding, backordering, substitution, cancellation, and return authorization. It synchronizes order data, inventory availability, and status updates across OMS, WMS, TMS, ERP, and ecommerce platforms, and manages changes and exceptions throughout the process.
- Order SplittingDividing a single customer order into multiple shipments or fulfillment waves. Rules trigger a split when items must ship from different locations, only part of the order is available, items have special handling such as oversized, hazardous, or temperature controlled, a vendor will drop ship, carrier limits apply, or deadlines differ. Each split shipment receives its own pick and pack tasks, cartonization, label, tracking number, and delivery date, and it can be invoiced separately.
- Otif on Time in FullA delivery performance metric that reports the percentage of orders that arrive by the required date and contain the complete, correct items and quantities. An order counts as OTIF only if it reaches the specified location within the agreed delivery window and ships without shortages, overages, or substitutions. OTIF percent equals compliant orders divided by total orders, multiplied by 100. Often used in supplier scorecards and contracts.
- Outbound LogisticsThe processes that move finished goods from a production site or warehouse to customers, retailers, or distribution points. It includes order capture and allocation, picking, packing, labeling, documentation, staging, load building, carrier selection, dispatch, shipment tracking, and proof of delivery. Coverage spans parcel, less than truckload, truckload, and international movements, and may involve cross docking or fulfillment from stores or distribution centers.
- Over Dimensional FreightCargo that exceeds legal width, height, or length limits for the route or vehicle. Movement typically requires permits, approved routing, safety markings, and in some cases pilot cars or escorts. Specialized trailers such as lowboy or extendable designs are used, and size thresholds and rules vary by jurisdiction.
- Overflow StorageAdditional space used to hold inventory when the primary warehouse reaches capacity. It can be on site or off site, such as temporary rooms, third party facilities, or staged trailers. Inventory stored there follows the same tracking, labeling, and control rules as the main facility. Billing models include per pallet, per square foot, or time based charges.
- OverpackA secondary enclosure used to place one or more sealed packages together as a single handling unit for transport or storage. It may be a larger box, crate, or stretch wrapped pallet. The inner packages keep their original identification and hazard classification. When it contains hazardous materials, the outer container must display the word OVERPACK and show or repeat required marks, labels, and references to the inner packages on shipping papers.
- Oversized FreightFreight that exceeds standard carrier limits for length, width, height, or weight, so it cannot move in conventional trailers or containers. Movement usually requires specialized equipment such as flatbed or lowboy trailers, route planning, and jurisdictional oversize permits, sometimes with pilot cars. Also called over dimensional or out of gauge cargo, it is subject to specific loading, securement, signage, and travel time rules.
- OverstockInventory quantities that exceed planned or required levels for a SKU, location, or period. Determined by comparing on hand counts to targets such as safety stock, reorder points, or forecasted demand. Overstock can result in added storage and carrying costs and may prompt transfers, markdowns, or liquidation.
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- Package Acceptance PendingA carrier tracking status indicating a shipping label exists or the parcel has been presented, but the carrier has not recorded the initial acceptance scan. The item may be at a drop off counter, pickup location, or in a container awaiting its first scan, so tracking shows only pre shipment details. The status updates to accepted or received once the first physical scan is recorded.
- Packaging CertificationA documented approval that a packaging design meets specified standards or regulations for transport, handling, and storage. It is granted after testing or audit against criteria such as drop, vibration, compression, environmental exposure, or hazardous materials performance. Programs include ISTA transit tests, UN markings for dangerous goods, and retailer or carrier requirements that define packout and labeling. Certificates state the tested configuration, limits of use, test lab, date, and reference method.
- Packaging EngineeringThe discipline that designs, specifies, and validates containers and packing systems to protect products during handling, storage, and transport. Scope includes material and structural design, manufacturability, line and warehouse fit, labeling, and regulatory compliance such as food contact and dangerous goods. Activities include lab testing like drop, vibration, compression, and environmental conditioning, plus evaluation of cost, recyclability, and carrier requirements.
- Packaging OptimizationA structured process that improves pack design, materials, and unitization to meet protection, cost, and handling goals across storage and transport. Work typically covers right sizing cartons, selecting cushioning or insulation, setting case pack and inner pack counts, and designing pallet patterns to raise cube utilization and lower dimensional weight charges. Validation uses lab tests and line trials with metrics such as damage rate, cost per shipment, material use, pack time, recyclability, and conformance to carrier, retailer, and regulatory requirements.
- Packing SlipA document placed in or on a shipment that lists the items sent and their quantities. It typically includes order and shipment identifiers, destination and return addresses, carton count, SKU or part numbers, item descriptions, and notes such as lot or serial numbers. Receivers use it to verify contents and record discrepancies. It is not an invoice and does not request payment.
- Pallet ConfigurationThe specified arrangement of cases or items on a pallet, including case pattern per layer, number of layers, orientation, and whether layers are column stacked or interlocked. It also defines pallet size, allowable overhang, total height and weight, load stabilization such as stretch wrap or banding, and any labeling or footprint limits. Documented pallet configurations standardize unit loads so they fit handling equipment, storage racks, and receiver or carrier requirements.
- Pallet ExchangeA shipping practice in which pallets used to deliver or collect freight are swapped for pallets of the same type and quality at pickup or delivery. The arrangement keeps pallet ownership and inventory balanced between trading partners. Exchange terms specify pallet standard such as size and grade, one to one counts, who inspects and documents, and how shortages, damage, or nonconforming pallets are charged.
- Pallet PoolingA shared pallet supply model in which shippers rent standardized pallets from a pool operator instead of owning them. The operator retains ownership, inspects and repairs pallets, tracks movements, and redistributes inventory across the network. Participants pay per issue and return, with charges for loss or damage, and follow specified return points and quality standards. Pooling standardizes pallet specifications across trading partners and replaces one way pallet exchange programs.
- Pallet RackingA steel storage system for palletized goods, built from upright frames, beams, and bracing to form bays with multiple vertical levels accessed by forklifts. Common configurations include selective, double deep, drive in and drive through, push back, pallet flow, and mobile. Specification and safe use rely on rated capacities, pallet dimensions, aisle width, lift truck type, anchoring, decking, and applicable fire and seismic codes.
- Parcel ConsolidationThe practice of combining multiple small parcels into a larger shipment such as a master carton, pallet, or truckload for transport to a regional hub. At the hub the shipment is broken down and individual parcels are entered into parcel carrier networks for final delivery. The process uses destination based grouping, container and piece level labels, and a single manifest to manage routing, tracking, and billing.
- Parcel ForwardingA service in which a third party receives parcels at an assigned address, logs and stores them for a defined period, prepares required shipping paperwork, and reships them to a specified destination. Providers may consolidate multiple parcels into one shipment, repackage, relabel, and complete customs declarations. Charges usually cover handling, storage, and outbound carrier postage.
- Parcel Invoice AuditA systematic review of parcel carrier invoices to confirm billed charges match contract terms and shipment data. The audit checks base rates, zones, dimensional weight calculations, fuel and accessorial fees, address corrections, residential and delivery area surcharges, minimum charges, and duplicate billing. It also verifies service level performance for potential late delivery credits, flags exceptions, submits disputes to carriers, and reconciles credits to the account and general ledger.
- Parcel ShippingTransportation of individual packages that meet carrier size and weight limits, moved through collection, sorting hubs, and final delivery to the recipient. It uses standardized labels with tracking barcodes, service levels such as ground and air, zone based rating, dimensional weight pricing, and published surcharges and minimum charges. Core steps include pickup scheduling, manifesting, tendering to carriers, tracking events, delivery confirmation, returns handling, and claims processing for loss or damage.
- Perpetual InventoryA record keeping method that updates item quantities and valuation as each transaction occurs. Movements captured include receipts, picks, returns, transfers, and adjustments recorded through systems such as WMS, ERP, point of sale, barcode or RFID scans. The ledger maintains stock on hand by location and, when used, by lot or serial, and applies costing methods such as FIFO, LIFO, or weighted average. Accuracy is maintained with cycle counting and exception review rather than relying solely on scheduled full physical counts.
- Perpetual Inventory SystemA method and supporting software that updates inventory quantity and valuation continuously as each transaction is recorded. It captures receipts, picks, returns, transfers, and adjustments through inputs from WMS, ERP, point of sale, barcode, or RFID. Records keep on hand balances by site and location and, when used, by lot or serial, and apply costing such as FIFO, LIFO, or weighted average with audit trails and timestamps. It uses cycle counting and exception review and differs from a periodic system that updates only at set intervals.
- Pick AccuracyThe warehouse metric that measures how many items were picked correctly compared with the pick list. Calculated as correct picks divided by total picks times 100. Errors counted typically include wrong SKU, wrong quantity, missing items, or picks from the wrong location.
- Pick and PackAn order fulfillment process in which warehouse staff retrieve items from storage to fill a customer order, then pack them for shipment. Tasks typically include following a pick list or scanner prompts, locating SKUs, confirming quantities with barcode scans, consolidating items, selecting a carton or mailer, adding dunnage or inserts, and applying the shipping label and paperwork. Common execution methods include single order picking, batch or cluster picking, and zone picking, after which cartons move to manifesting and carrier handoff.
- Pick To LightA warehouse picking method that uses light modules with numeric displays mounted at storage locations to direct workers to the correct SKU and indicate the quantity to pick. The worker confirms each pick by pressing a button or scanning at the light, which records the transaction in a warehouse management system or dedicated controller. Installations are typically arranged on shelving or flow racks and support workflows such as batch picking, zone picking, and put wall operations.
- Picking Accuracy RateA warehouse metric that measures the share of picks completed without error. Calculated as correct picks or lines divided by total picks or lines, multiplied by 100 percent. Errors include wrong item, wrong quantity, wrong location, or missing item. Reported by unit, line, order, or time period to compare performance across teams, processes, or systems.
- Picking MethodologyThe set of rules and processes a warehouse uses to plan and execute order picking. It covers how orders are released, how items are grouped, the routes workers follow, and the tools used to direct and confirm picks. Common approaches include discrete picking for a single order, batch or cluster picking for multiple orders in one trip, zone picking with later consolidation, and goods to person workflows where automation presents items to the worker. Methods can run in waves or be released continuously and may use RF scanners, voice systems, pick to light, or autonomous robots to capture transactions and track accuracy.
- Pod Proof of DeliveryDocumentation that verifies a shipment was delivered to the consignee. It may be a signed paper receipt or an electronic record. Standard fields include shipment ID or tracking number, delivery date and time, recipient name and signature, driver ID, delivery address, and item counts. Some systems add barcode scans, GPS coordinates, or photos. Carriers and shippers use PODs to confirm delivery, trigger invoicing, resolve claims, and meet contractual or regulatory requirements.
- Pool DistributionA regional delivery method that consolidates many shipments into one linehaul move to a pool point near the destination, where freight is deconsolidated and dispatched for local delivery to multiple consignees. The workflow includes origin consolidation, linehaul, destination cross dock, sort by consignee or store, and final mile delivery. Programs rely on consistent carton labeling, a shipping manifest, and scheduled receiving times. It differs from less than truckload service by using a single long haul with many short local runs inside a defined area.
- Port of EntryA government designated location where people, goods, and vehicles legally enter a country or customs territory. Officials there conduct customs and immigration processing, inspect cargo and documents, assess duties and taxes, apply import restrictions, and authorize release. Examples include seaports, airports, land border crossings, rail terminals, and inland ports with customs offices or bonded facilities.
- Predictive ShippingA logistics method that uses demand forecasts to stage inventory or begin fulfillment before a customer places an order. Models draw on order history, product attributes, customer location, and transit times to predict what will be needed and where. Execution may include pre allocation of stock, pre printing labels, or moving items to forward nodes or carrier hubs so an order can be finalized on confirmation. It relies on real time data exchange among commerce, warehouse, and carrier systems and defined rules for cancellations, returns, and billing.
- Pro Forma InvoiceA preliminary document issued before shipment that states a seller’s quote and intended terms for a specific order. It lists the parties, goods description, quantities, unit and total prices, currency, weights and dimensions, HS codes, delivery terms such as Incoterms, expected ship date, and a validity period. It is used to request import licenses, begin customs clearance, and support bank or letter of credit applications, but it is not a tax invoice and not a request for payment. A commercial invoice replaces it once the goods ship.
- Product LiquidationThe process of converting excess, obsolete, returned, or distressed inventory to cash through secondary sales. Common channels include bulk sale to liquidators, auctions, closeout brokers, and off price retailers. Activities typically include setting eligibility rules, grading condition, creating lots and manifests, debranding or destruction when required, and transferring title under as is terms. Financial handling may involve write downs and removal of the items from available stock records.
- Product SegmentationThe practice of dividing a product portfolio into defined groups using shared attributes such as demand pattern, margin, size and handling needs, risk classification, life cycle stage, or regulatory status. The segments provide rules for planning and execution, for example service levels, safety stock targets, replenishment methods, assortment by channel, or transportation mode. In warehouse operations it can guide slotting, storage conditions, packaging standards, and picking methods. Segmentation criteria and segment assignments are recorded and maintained in master data.
- Public WarehouseA third party storage facility that serves multiple clients on a fee for use basis. Space and labor are charged by pallet position, cubic footage, weight, or time. Services commonly include receiving, putaway, inventory control, order picking, packing, cross docking, and shipment staging. Operators issue warehouse receipts, hold goods under bailment, and maintain stated liability through a tariff or contract. Some locations also provide bonded storage for customs controlled goods.
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- QR Code ScanningThe process of using a camera or barcode scanner to read a two dimensional Quick Response code and translate its grid of modules into data. The reader locates finder and alignment patterns, samples the symbol, and applies error correction to recover text, numbers, or a link. In warehousing and transport it is used to identify items, access records, track movements, confirm receipt, and trigger transactions in WMS or TMS. It works from printed labels or screens and holds more data than one dimensional barcodes.
- Quality Control (QC)A set of activities that verify products and processes meet defined requirements. In warehousing and fulfillment it covers inspections at receiving, putaway, picking, packing, and shipping; count and barcode checks; packaging and labeling review; sampling against acceptance standards; and functional or visual tests when specified. Findings are recorded, defects are segregated, and rework or return steps follow documented procedures. QC results feed metrics such as defect rate, on time performance, and provide audit trails for compliance.
- Quarantine StockInventory that is isolated and blocked from use or sale in a warehouse or warehouse management system pending review or clearance. It is placed on hold for reasons such as failed inspection, suspected damage, temperature excursion, labeling or lot discrepancies, recall, missing documentation, or expired dates. The inventory is physically and systemically segregated, not available for allocation or picking, and remains on hold until a recorded disposition such as release, rework, return to vendor, scrap, or downgrade.
- Quick CommerceA retail and logistics model for very fast local delivery of online orders, typically completed within minutes to two hours. It uses micro fulfillment sites or dark stores placed near customers, real time inventory, app based ordering, and courier fleets on bikes, scooters, or cars. Assortments focus on fast moving goods such as groceries, personal care, and convenience items. Core operations include short delivery radii, rapid picking, order batching, and live tracking.
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- Racking ComponentsThe structural and accessory parts of a warehouse storage rack. Core elements include uprights or frames, load beams, bracing, base plates, and connectors or locking pins. Load surfaces and spacers include pallet supports, wire decking, and row spacers, with safety items such as back stops, column guards, end of aisle protectors, and shims. Components are specified by capacity, dimensions, and finish, and are matched to rack styles such as selective, drive in, push back, and pallet flow.
- Rate ShoppingThe process of comparing transportation options for a specific shipment across multiple carriers and service levels to select an option based on price and service terms. It evaluates base rates, discounts, fuel and accessorial surcharges, dimensional weight, zones or lanes, transit days, and contract rules. It can be done manually or by software in a transportation or multicarrier system using shipment details such as origin, destination, weight, dimensions, and package count. The result is a ranked list of carrier services with total landed shipping cost and expected transit time.
- Real Time Visibility PlatformSoftware that collects and unifies live shipment, order, and asset data from carriers, telematics, EDI feeds, and application programming interfaces. It normalizes events across modes and legs to show location, milestones, estimated times of arrival, and exceptions through maps, dashboards, alerts, and data feeds. Identifiers commonly supported include tracking numbers, purchase orders, bills of lading, container and trailer numbers, and vehicle identifiers. These platforms connect with transportation, warehouse, and enterprise systems through integrations such as APIs, webhooks, and file exchange.
- Redelivery FeeA charge assessed by a carrier when a shipment requires an additional delivery attempt after the original attempt was not completed. Applies to parcel, less than truckload, truckload, and final mile services. The amount is defined in the carrier tariff or contract and may be billed per shipment, per stop, or per hour based on service rules. It is commonly triggered by a missed appointment, an address correction with a new attempt, a refusal followed by later acceptance, or a request to reschedule.
- Reefer Refrigerated FreightShipments that must be kept within a specified temperature range during transport using insulated equipment with active cooling or heating. Equipment includes refrigerated trailers for road moves, refrigerated containers for rail or ocean, and temperature controlled air units. Standard practices include precooling, documented set points, continuous power during transfers, temperature monitoring or data logging, and seal control at doors for chain of custody.
- Regional CarriersTransportation companies that handle parcel, freight, or final mile deliveries within a defined geographic area rather than across a whole country. Coverage is limited to specific states or provinces and supported by regional hubs and line haul routes. Shipments are accepted when both pickup and delivery fall inside the carrier’s service map, or the carrier interlines with partners for moves beyond its area.
- Remote WarehousingThe practice of storing and handling inventory in off site facilities that are geographically separate from a company’s main distribution center or sales locations. These sites may be company owned or operated by third parties and can support storage, order processing, or forward stocking, with inventory tracked through a warehouse management system and coordinated inbound and outbound transportation.
- Reorder Point Formula Rop FormulaThe calculation used to set the inventory level that triggers a new order. Basic form ROP equals expected demand during lead time plus safety stock. Deterministic version ROP = d × L + SS, where d is average demand per time unit, L is lead time in the same units, and SS is safety stock. Probabilistic version ROP = expected demand during lead time + z × σDL, where z is the service level factor and σDL is the standard deviation of demand during lead time. Values are set per SKU and require consistent units.
- ReroutingThe change of a shipment’s planned path, carrier, or destination after scheduling, either before pickup or while in transit. It redirects freight to a different route, node, or address and may modify mode, service level, or delivery window. Rerouting is arranged through a transportation management system or carrier system using revised shipping instructions such as reconsignment orders or address corrections.
- ReslottingThe planned relocation of SKUs to new storage or pick locations within a warehouse. Item placement is determined by data such as velocity, cube, weight, handling requirements, and order profiles, assigning products to areas like pallet rack, carton flow, or forward pick faces. Objectives include shorter picker travel, balanced workload, and fewer replenishments while meeting constraints such as temperature zones and hazardous material rules. Reslotting may be run as a discrete project or on a recurring cycle, often supported by a warehouse management system WMS or slotting software.
- Retail LogisticsThe planning, movement, and control of goods from suppliers to retail selling points and end customers. It includes inbound transportation to distribution centers, storage, inventory replenishment, order picking and packing, store delivery, e commerce fulfillment such as ship from store and buy online pick up in store, last mile delivery, and returns. Activities coordinate carriers, warehouses, stores, and systems like WMS, TMS, and POS to maintain inventory accuracy and meet service level and routing guide requirements.
- RetailerA business that sells goods directly to end consumers through stores, websites, marketplaces, or other channels. Retailers buy from manufacturers, wholesalers, or distributors, set prices, choose assortments, and manage merchandising, inventory, payment, and returns. They may operate brick and mortar locations, e commerce sites, or combined models such as buy online pick up in store and ship from store.
- Retailer Routing GuideA document issued by a retailer that defines how vendors must ship purchase orders to that retailer. It specifies approved carriers and service levels, freight terms such as collect or prepaid, appointment booking, required documents including bill of lading, packing list, advance ship notice ASN, and UCC 128 label, and carton and pallet standards for sizing and labeling. It also states EDI expectations, accessorial approval, delivery windows, and chargeback rules for noncompliance. Vendors use it to prepare, book, label, and tender shipments so receipts align with the retailer’s receiving processes.
- Return Merchandise Authorization RmaPermission issued by a seller or manufacturer that assigns a unique identifier and instructions for a product return, exchange, or repair. The RMA records item and order details such as quantity, SKU or serial number, invoice or purchase order number, and reason codes, and may include routing or a prepaid label. It is used to control receipt, track the item through reverse logistics, and match refunds, replacements, or repairs to inventory and financial records.
- Returns ManagementThe policies and processes for handling goods moving from customers or stores back to a warehouse or supplier. It covers authorization, collection, transport, check in, inspection, and disposition such as restock, repair, refurbishment, return to vendor, recycling, or disposal. Activities include issuing return merchandise authorizations RMAs, updating inventory and financial records, coordinating reverse logistics, and recording reasons and data for quality and warranty control.
- Reverse Cross DockingA returns handling method where incoming goods from customers or stores are received, quickly sorted by disposition, and shipped out to designated destinations without long term storage. Items are inspected, scanned, relabeled if needed, and routed to restock, repair, refurbishment, return to vendor, recycling, or disposal. The process uses staged outbound lanes, consolidated loads, and return authorizations to move product and data back through the supply chain with minimal dwell time.
- Reverse LogisticsThe planning and control of product, part, packaging, and data flows from customers or downstream locations back to a seller, manufacturer, or recycler. Activities include return authorization, pickup or drop off, transport, receiving, identification, inspection, testing, grading, and disposition such as restock, repair, refurbish, remanufacture, recycle, or disposal. Processes also capture reason codes, update inventory and financial records, issue credits or exchanges, maintain chain of custody, and comply with applicable environmental and product regulations.
- Reverse Logistics SoftwareA set of digital tools that manage the movement of goods after delivery, including returns, exchanges, repairs, refurbishment, and recycling. Core functions include creating return merchandise authorizations, generating labels, routing and triage, inspection and grading, disposition decisions such as restock, repair, scrap, or resale, and updating inventory and accounting records. The software captures reason codes and serial or lot data, integrates with order management, warehouse management, and transportation systems, and maintains tracking and audit trails from initiation to final disposition. Reporting summarizes volumes, costs, and recovery value.
- Reverse PickA warehouse process that cancels a completed or in progress pick so items are removed from the order and returned to available stock. This step deallocates the inventory, updates pick documents and lot or serial records, and directs items back to their recorded location. It is used before shipment when an order changes or a picking error requires correction.
- Reverse Supply ChainThe processes that move products, parts, packaging, and related data from customers back to sellers, service centers, or manufacturers. It covers returns, warranty claims, repairs, refurbishment, remanufacturing, recycling, and disposal, as well as crediting, replacements, and restocking. Activities include authorization, pickup, consolidation, inspection, grading, disposition, and updates to inventory and financial records. It manages value recovery and proper handling of goods after sale or at end of life.
- RFID TagsLabels or hard tags with a microchip and antenna that store identifiers and communicate with readers by radio frequency. They enable item identification without line of sight and can be attached to products, cartons, pallets, or returnable assets. Types include passive tags powered by the reader field and active tags with an internal battery, operating at LF, HF, or UHF bands. Data formats often follow EPC standards and are captured at dock doors, on conveyors, or by handhelds for inventory control and shipment tracking.
- Rolling WarehouseAn inventory tactic that keeps goods in loaded trucks or containers as mobile storage rather than placing them in a fixed facility. Inventory remains in transit and is timed to arrive for cross docking, store delivery, or set appointment windows. The method relies on transportation capacity, tracking, and scheduling to control the location and availability of stock. It has implications for cost allocation, detention exposure, liability for goods in transit, and planning for dwell time and driver hours.
- Route Planning Softwareroute planning software is a term used in warehousing fulfillment or transportation that has a specific operational meaning. Its use is defined by documented procedures data elements and the systems that record each step. When applied it will reference known objects such as orders loads locations identifiers service levels or costs.
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- Safety StockInventory kept as a buffer against variability in demand and replenishment lead time. It is distinct from cycle stock and is used when actual conditions differ from the plan. The quantity is set from a target service level, forecast error, lead time, and variability of demand during lead time, and it is added to expected demand in the reorder point.
- Scac Standard Carrier Alpha CodeA distinct two to four letter identifier for motor carriers, railroads, and ocean carriers in North America, assigned by the National Motor Freight Traffic Association. It appears on bills of lading, freight invoices, EDI messages, and US customs filings to identify the carrier in a standard format.
- Seasonal InventoryStock acquired or produced in advance to meet predictable demand peaks tied to specific calendar periods, holidays, or events. It is planned above normal cycle stock using forecasted demand, lead times, and capacity limits, then drawn down after the period ends. Tracked separately from safety stock, it typically includes a prebuild schedule, storage allocation, and a disposition plan such as markdown or return to vendor.
- Section 321A provision of United States customs law that allows goods valued at eight hundred dollars or less to enter without duties and taxes when imported by one person on one day. Qualifying shipments can be released without a formal entry, while required electronic data must still be filed by a carrier or broker. Items subject to antidumping or countervailing duties, certain regulated products, and goods needing approvals from partner government agencies do not qualify. The rule is widely used for cross border e commerce parcels shipped direct to consumers.
- Serialized InventoryInventory tracked at the individual item level using a unique serial number for each unit. The identifier is recorded at receiving and carried through storage, picking, packing, shipping, returns, and service so each unit has a traceable history. Often applied to electronics, medical devices, and regulated goods. Supports authentication, warranty validation, recall execution, anti theft controls, and compliance reporting. Differs from lot controlled inventory, which tracks groups of items rather than single units.
- Service Level Agreement SlaA contract between a service provider and a customer that defines the scope of services, performance targets, and the methods for measuring and reporting results. In logistics it often lists metrics such as on time delivery rate, order accuracy, inventory accuracy, response time, and cut off times, along with calculation formulas, data sources, roles, escalation steps, service credits or other remedies, exclusions, and a review cadence.
- Shadow FreightTransportation costs that exist but are not recorded as a separate freight line. They are embedded in product pricing or other accounts, such as vendor prepaid shipping rolled into unit cost, free shipping included in purchase price, or internal transfer freight booked to cost of goods sold. Because the charge is not itemized as freight, it is often missed in landed cost and freight spend analysis.
- Ship From StoreAn omnichannel fulfillment method in which online orders are picked, packed, labeled, and handed off to a carrier from a retail store rather than a distribution center. Store inventory and staff process the order using point of sale or order management data for allocation and tracking. The store operates as a local shipping node with typical artifacts such as labels and a manifest.
- Shipment ConsolidationThe practice of combining multiple shipments traveling to the same destination or corridor into one larger load. Orders are collected at a warehouse or consolidation center, built into shared pallets, containers, or trailers, and tendered under a single master bill of lading or air waybill. The load is separated at a hub or destination facility for final delivery, using capacity more fully and sometimes qualifying for volume rate tiers.
- Shipping Accuracy RateThe percentage of shipments sent without errors based on defined criteria. Criteria often include correct items, quantities, packaging, documentation, address, and service level. Calculated as error free shipments divided by total shipments for a given period, then multiplied by 100.
- Shipping AggregatorA platform that centralizes access to multiple parcel and freight carriers in one interface. It returns rates and service options, generates labels, submits electronic shipment data, and unifies tracking and billing across carriers. An aggregator does not transport goods and is distinct from a carrier or a freight broker.
- Shipping CarrierA transportation company that physically moves parcels or freight under its own operating authority and service terms. It handles pickup, linehaul, and final delivery, issues labels and tracking numbers, and publishes rates, transit times, and liability rules. Examples include parcel networks, regional couriers, less than truckload and truckload carriers, air cargo lines, and ocean lines. Distinct from a broker that only arranges transport.
- Shipping Cutoff TimesThe latest time a warehouse, store, or website accepts an order for same day handoff to a carrier or for a specific service level. Cutoffs are set per facility, carrier, destination, and time zone to match pick and pack schedules and pickup departures. Orders received after the cutoff are scheduled for the next processing window, which can shift delivery dates.
- Shipping ManifestA detailed list of all packages or containers tendered in a single shipment or pickup, showing shipper and consignee information, counts, identifiers such as tracking numbers, descriptions, weights, and dimensions. It is provided to the carrier in paper or electronic form and used to verify handoff, support billing and auditing, and supply data for customs on international moves.
- Shipping ZonesCarrier defined geographic groupings that organize delivery destinations into distance bands measured from the ship from origin. Parcel carriers use these zones to calculate shipping rates, apply surcharges, and set transit time standards. Zones are relative to each origin and may vary by carrier, service level, and package type.
- Short ShippingThe delivery of fewer units than stated on the purchase order or shipping documents, creating a quantity discrepancy between the order and the physical shipment. The receiver records the variance as a shortage on the packing list, bill of lading, or receiving report. Resolution may involve a backorder, a replacement shipment, a credit or debit memo, or a carrier or vendor claim.
- SKU ManagementStructured control of stock keeping units across their lifecycle and systems. It covers standardized item setup and maintenance including naming, attributes, dimensions, weight, barcodes, and pack configurations. It defines governance for new item creation, changes, and retirement and aligns locations, reorder points, safety stock, and lot or serial tracking in WMS, ERP, and OMS. It includes data quality tasks such as de duplication and cross references to vendor or customer part numbers and kit or bundle relationships. Common measures include stockout rate, fill rate, inventory turnover, and obsolete inventory.
- SKU OptimizationStructured process for selecting the target mix of stock keeping units and setting item level inventory parameters. It evaluates sales history, demand variability, margin, carrying cost, and operational constraints to decide which items to add, retain, modify, or discontinue and to define stocking levels, reorder points, and case or inner pack sizes. The process links with slotting, forecasting, and replenishment rules to match storage locations and handling methods to item characteristics. Typical measures include inventory turnover, gross margin return on inventory, service level by SKU, and obsolete inventory rate.
- SKU ProliferationIncrease in the number of distinct stock keeping units in a product catalog. It commonly results from line extensions such as new sizes, colors, formulations, bundles, private label variants, or customer specific configurations. Rising counts affect forecasting, purchasing, storage allocation, slotting, and picking, and can shift demand toward a long tail of low volume items. Typical metrics include total SKU count, new to discontinued ratio, average demand per SKU, and item master accuracy.
- SKU RationalizationStructured review of a product catalog to decide which SKUs to keep, modify, consolidate, or discontinue using measurable performance and handling criteria. Inputs commonly include unit sales, order frequency, gross margin, demand variability, carrying cost, storage footprint, pick and pack effort, lead time, supplier minimums, and substitution options. Outputs are an approved assortment, phase out plans, and merged items, with corresponding updates to item master data, forecasts, safety stock, reorder points, and warehouse slotting.
- Slotting OptimizationData driven assignment of SKUs to warehouse locations based on how items are stored, picked, and replenished. It analyzes demand velocity, order profiles, dimensions, weight, packaging, and handling method to select the storage medium and forward pick slot for each item. Common rules include velocity based zoning, family or affinity placement, ergonomic limits, and rotation methods such as FIFO or FEFO, with constraints for temperature, hazardous segregation, and lot or serial control. Outputs include location recommendations, pick face capacities, and replenishment levels that are executed in a warehouse management system and reviewed on a defined cycle.
- Small Parcel FreightPackage shipments moved through parcel carrier networks as individual pieces rather than on pallets. In the United States this category typically covers parcels up to about 150 pounds within specific limits for length and length plus girth, with thresholds set by each carrier. Parcels enter the network with an address label and barcode, are consolidated and sorted through regional hubs by service level and zone, and are released to local units for final delivery. Charges are based on billed weight, which is the greater of actual weight and dimensional weight calculated from package measurements, along with the selected service level. Common extra fees include fuel, residential delivery, additional handling, declared value, address correction, and Saturday service. Tracking data usually records pickup, acceptance, in transit, out for delivery, and delivered events that feed customer and billing systems.
- Smart Locker DeliveryA last mile parcel method where carriers deposit packages into secure, networked lockers for recipient pickup. Each delivery is assigned to a compartment, and the system records locker identifier, time stamp, and carrier credentials to preserve chain of custody. The recipient receives a notice with a pickup code, QR code, or mobile app credential and retrieves the parcel within a defined window. Lockers are placed at residential buildings, transit hubs, and retail sites and may offer compartments in multiple sizes or temperature ranges. Platforms can also handle returns by issuing a code to open an empty compartment for drop off and generating a receipt. Merchant and carrier systems can integrate with the locker platform to exchange tracking events and status updates.
- Smart WarehousingA warehouse operating model that uses software, connected devices, and automation to manage storage and handling activities. Core components include a warehouse management system integrated with sensors, barcode or RFID capture, and equipment such as conveyors, pick to light, voice systems, automated guided vehicles, and autonomous mobile robots. Data from these systems supports real time location tracking, rule based task allocation, digital work instructions, and exception alerts. It can interface with transportation and enterprise systems to share order, inventory, and shipment status, and may apply analytics or machine learning to slotting, labor planning, and replenishment. The result is consistent execution, traceable records, and faster problem detection compared with manual only operations.
- Specialty FulfillmentThe processing of orders that require nonstandard handling, configuration, or documentation beyond routine pick, pack, and ship. It covers product specific workflows such as kitting and light assembly, personalization or relabeling to a specification, and programs that mandate routing guide compliance or retailer specific labeling. For regulated or sensitive items it can include lot control, serial number capture, temperature management, chain of custody records, and hazmat packaging in line with applicable rules. Work is performed in defined procedures with dedicated work areas, calibrated tools, quality checks, and complete audit trails so packaging, labeling, storage, and data capture match the requirements of the item or customer program.
- Split ShipmentThe fulfillment of a single customer order or purchase order in two or more separate outbound shipments. Items are packed and dispatched at different times or from different facilities when inventory locations differ, items are on backorder, or packaging and carrier limits require separate consignments. Each shipment receives its own label, tracking number, and planned delivery date, and may generate separate freight bills and accessorial charges. Documentation records the split with multiple cartons or bills of lading tied to the same order reference so quantities and charges can be reconciled.
- Spot QuoteA one time price offered by a carrier, broker, or forwarder for a specific shipment outside any standing contract or tariff. Pricing reflects the shipment details and current capacity for the lane, including origin and destination, pickup and delivery dates, distance, weight, dimensions, freight class, equipment or container type, service level, fuel, and expected accessorial charges. The quote applies only to the named load under the stated terms and is typically valid for a short period or until capacity is booked. Spot quotes are used when no contracted rate exists for the lane or when a shipment falls outside contract parameters, and acceptance creates a booked move subject to the provider’s rules and required documentation.
- Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)Written instructions that define how warehouse tasks are carried out from start to finish. They specify roles, required inputs, tools, and system actions for activities such as receiving, putaway, replenishment, picking, packing, shipping, cycle counting, returns, and yard movements. Each SOP states the sequence of steps, scan points and data fields, acceptance tolerances, safety and quality checks, exception handling with decision rules, and required records such as timestamps and signatures. Documents include version control, ownership, and training requirements and are reviewed on a set cadence or after process changes. SOPs support audits and alignment with regulatory or customer standards and provide the basis for measuring performance through metrics such as order accuracy, pick rate, dwell time, and inventory record accuracy.
- Stock Keeping Unit (SKU)An internal identifier assigned by a retailer, manufacturer, or warehouse to represent a specific product and stocking configuration. It corresponds to a defined set of attributes such as brand, model, variant, size, and packaging, and may be different for each, inner pack, case, or pallet according to item master rules. An SKU is not a universal barcode like a UPC or EAN and can link to one or more barcodes for scanning. Systems use the SKU as the core reference for receiving, inventory counting, replenishment parameters, pick locations, lot or serial tracking, and cost records. Typical fields stored for an SKU include description, unit of measure, dimensions, weight, hazardous or handling notes, reorder point, safety stock, and substitution or discontinuation status.
- StockoutA condition where a specific item at a given location has no available inventory to satisfy current demand or planned allocation. The event is identified when available to promise or on hand quantity is zero after accounting for holds, reservations, and non saleable stock such as damaged or quarantined units. Systems may create a backorder, split the order, apply an approved substitution, or cancel the line based on defined rules. Records capture time, SKU, location, and a cause code, and performance is tracked with measures such as stockout frequency, duration, units or orders affected, line fill rate, and service level. It is distinct from a backorder, which is the open order record awaiting future supply.
- Store FulfillmentUse of retail stores to pick, pack, and hand off orders placed online or routed from other locations. Order types include ship from store, buy online pickup in store, curbside pickup, and store to store transfer. Typical steps are order release to the store system, item location and scanning by staff, staging in a backroom, packing with receipts or shipping labels, and either customer handoff or carrier pickup with a manifest. Systems coordinate inventory updates between point of sale and order management, set location assignments and cutoffs, and record metrics such as fill rate, pick time, and order cycle time, with procedures for substitutions, partial fills, and returns.
- Subscription Box FulfillmentThe warehouse process for assembling and shipping recurring kits to subscribers on a defined cycle. Work includes forecasting component demand, receiving and lot tracking of parts, and either pre kitting or pick to cart followed by line assembly with quantity and variant checks. Packing adds cartons, protective materials, printed inserts, and any required age or hazardous materials marks, then weight capture and label generation for the selected carrier service. Systems manage order cutoffs, address validation, gift or skip rules, and bill of materials version control so the correct contents ship in each wave. Quality checks record counts and any serial or lot data, and reports track yield, scrap, unit cost, and on time ship to the cycle date.
- Supply Chain Management (SCM)The coordinated planning and control of how goods, information, and funds move from suppliers to customers. Scope includes demand planning and forecasting, procurement and supplier management, production scheduling, inventory control across plants and warehouses, order fulfillment, transportation, and returns. Programs define data standards and integrations among ERP, warehouse and transportation systems, and supplier or customer portals. Governance sets service targets, cost and working capital objectives, compliance requirements, risk monitoring, and roles across functions. Performance is tracked with measures such as service level, order cycle time, forecast accuracy, inventory turns, and total landed cost.
- Supply Chain OptimizationThe application of data and mathematical models to design and run sourcing, production, inventory, and distribution within stated constraints and targets. Methods include network modeling, multi echelon inventory planning, demand forecasting, production and transportation planning, and routing. Inputs cover demand distributions, lead times, costs, capacities, and allowable service targets, with variability captured through scenarios or simulation. Techniques include linear and mixed integer programming, heuristics, simulation, and machine learning where appropriate. Results produce recommended facility locations and flows, reorder and safety stock settings, mode and carrier assignments, batch sizes, and schedules, which are reviewed against total landed cost, service level, cycle time, and asset utilization metrics, with change control and periodic reoptimization documented.
- Supply Chain ResiliencyThe ability of a supply chain to meet defined service and cost targets when conditions change and to restore planned performance after disruption. It is built through structural choices such as diversified suppliers, alternative routes and nodes, inventory buffers set by reorder and safety stock policies, and contractual options for surge capacity. Operational capabilities include scenario planning, risk monitoring, event playbooks, expedited reallocation of orders and inventory, and visibility across production, warehouses, and transport. Measurement uses time to recover, time to survive, service level during an event, and lead time variability. Governance documents roles, decision rights, and communication triggers for incidents and post event review.
- Supply Chain VisibilityThe ability to view current and historical status of orders, inventory, and shipments across suppliers, carriers, warehouses, and sales channels. Data is captured from barcodes, RFID, telematics devices, and system integrations such as EDI and APIs, then standardized into events with identifiers, timestamps, locations, and quantities. Systems present this information on timelines and maps, calculate estimated arrival times, and flag exceptions when planned milestones are missed or quantities do not reconcile. Scope covers purchase orders, production, in transit moves, customs releases, delivery with proof of delivery, and returns. Programs define data standards, identifier keys such as order number or Serial Shipping Container Code, retention periods, and user permissions so records can be audited and shared. Performance is measured with metrics such as event completeness, data latency, match rate, and percentage of shipments with predicted arrival time.
- Sustainable LogisticsPlanning and execution of transport, warehousing, and related flows to reduce environmental impact while meeting service, cost, and regulatory requirements. Work includes network design to shorten distance traveled, mode selection such as shifting volume to rail or ocean where feasible, higher vehicle utilization through consolidation and backhauls, and routing that limits empty miles and idling. Operations apply energy efficient equipment, alternative fuel or electric vehicles where available, packaging right sizing with recyclable materials, and controlled handling of wastes and refrigerants. Programs document methods and results with metrics such as grams of CO2 equivalent per ton mile, fuel per shipment, load factor, waste diversion rate, and refrigerant leakage, and keep records for audits and disclosures.
- Sustainable WarehousingOperation and design of a warehouse to reduce resource use, waste, and emissions while meeting safety and quality requirements. Practices include energy management with submetering, LED lighting with controls, improved insulation and door seals, and where installed on site power generation and storage. Materials management covers recyclable or reusable packaging, pallet pooling, and segregation of waste streams with documented handling of hazardous materials. Equipment steps include electric material handling, battery charging schedules, and maintenance that limits leaks of oils and refrigerants. Water and air measures include low flow fixtures, stormwater control, dust and noise limits, and refrigerant inventory with leak logs. Performance is reported with metrics such as kilowatt hours per order, water use per square foot, waste diversion rate, and greenhouse gas emissions by scope.
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- TariffA published schedule of rates, charges, rules, and classifications used in trade and transport. In customs, a tariff is the duty rate assigned to a product code in the national tariff schedule, applied to imports based on HS code, origin, and any trade program. In freight, a carrier tariff lists base rates, minimums, accessorial charges, rating rules, and liability terms for a mode and lane. Tariffs state how weight, volume, or distance are calculated, what surcharges apply, and the documentation required, and they are referenced on quotes, bills of lading, and invoices.
- Temperature Controlled ShippingTransport of goods that must remain within a specified temperature range from pickup through delivery. Shipments use passive systems such as insulated containers with phase change gel packs or dry ice, or active systems such as refrigerated trucks, refrigerated ocean containers, and temperature controlled air containers. Pack out and equipment settings define target range, preconditioning steps, sensor placement, and expected hold time, and carriers record set point, readings, and exceptions at each handoff. Documents state temperature requirements, coolant quantities when used, and required marks for items such as dry ice, and shipments may include data loggers or telematics for audit records.
- Terminal Handling Charges (THC)Fees charged by a port or airport terminal for the handling of cargo and the use of terminal infrastructure. For ocean containers the charge typically covers lift on and lift off by cranes, yard moves and stacking, gate processing, and terminal security and documentation services. For air cargo it covers receipt, storage within free time, buildup or breakdown of unit load devices, and handover between airline, ground handler, and forwarder. Amounts and inclusions vary by location and contract and are shown as separate line items in carrier tariffs, quotes, and invoices, often applied at origin and at destination.
- Thermal PackagingPackaging designed to keep a product within a specified temperature range during storage and transport. A typical system combines an insulated container with coolant such as phase change gel packs or dry ice and may include liners, vacuum insulated panels, or molded foam to control heat flow. Pack out instructions define preconditioning temperatures, coolant mass, placement, payload volume, and expected hold time based on a tested thermal profile. Labels and documents state temperature requirements and any special handling such as dry ice marking and quantity, and shipments may include data loggers to record exposure.
- Third Party Logistics (3PL)An outsourcing model in which a shipper contracts an external provider to perform logistics functions such as warehousing, order processing, transportation, and returns. The provider operates facilities and equipment, uses warehouse and transportation management systems, and integrates with the shipper’s order and inventory systems for labels, tracking, and billing. Scope, performance measures, pricing, data requirements, and liability are defined in a written agreement. Activity is recorded through transactions such as receipts, picks, shipments, and freight invoices with audit trails for reconciliation.
- Time Slot ManagementThe scheduling and control of pickup and delivery appointment windows at warehouse docks. Calendars define capacity by door and time while bookings consider shipment type, expected duration, equipment needs, product handling rules, and available labor. Confirmations record date and window, door assignment, reference numbers, and site instructions, with rules for early arrival, late arrival, no show, and reschedule. Systems capture check in and check out timestamps to report adherence, dwell time, and door utilization.
- Track and TraceThe recording and retrieval of location and status history for shipments, handling units, or items across logistics networks. Data is tied to identifiers such as tracking numbers, bills of lading, Serial Shipping Container Codes, serial numbers, or lot numbers and is updated by scans and system events from pickup through delivery. Systems store timestamps, locations, and event codes including departed facility, arrived at terminal, customs released, out for delivery, and delivered with proof of delivery. Users can view the last known location, planned next step, and exceptions created by missed milestones or data mismatches.
- Trade Show LogisticsCoordination of shipping, handling, and on site services for exhibits and booth materials before, during, and after an event. Freight moves to an advance warehouse or directly to the venue according to target move in dates, with marshaling yard check in and material handling by the general service contractor often called drayage. Required documents include labels, bills of lading, and service orders for rigging, electrical, and material handling, and crates are marked for empty storage during the show. After teardown, carriers check in within the outbound window, pickup is released by a completed bill of lading, and any freight left without a carrier is rerouted per the event rules.
- Traffic ManagementThe planning and control of inbound and outbound freight movements for a shipper or logistics network. Duties include carrier selection under contracts and lane guides, routing and mode decisions, load building and consolidation, and pickup and delivery appointment scheduling. Teams tender shipments, monitor status events, manage exceptions such as service refusals or missed appointments, and keep records that match bills of lading, waybills, and invoices. The function maintains rate tables, accessorial rules, and performance reports and coordinates with warehouse operations, customer service, and accounting.
- Transit TimeThe elapsed time a shipment spends in transport between the departure scan and the arrival or delivery scan for a defined move. Carriers publish standard times by lane and service, and some services count only business days while others count calendar days. Measurement rules state the start and stop events, time zone handling, and whether intermediate dwell such as customs or terminal hold is included. Transit time is used for planning pickup and delivery windows, rating comparisons, and on time performance reporting.
- TransloadingTransfer of freight from one transport mode or equipment type to another during a through movement. Common cases include unloading import ocean containers to domestic trailers or railcars, or moving bulk products using conveyors or pumps. Tasks may include deconsolidation, count verification, relabeling, and rebuilding pallets to meet carrier or facility requirements and legal weight limits. Sites record container, trailer, and seal numbers and issue new bills of lading so custody and routing reflect the next leg.
- Transportation ComplianceConformance with legal, regulatory, and contractual requirements that apply to moving freight. Scope covers carrier and driver qualifications, vehicle inspection and maintenance, hours of service, weight and dimension limits, hazardous materials rules, insurance, and customs and security programs where applicable. Operational controls include documented routing guides, permit verification, load securement, temperature and sanitation requirements for food or pharma, and accurate shipment documentation such as bills of lading, waybills, and export entries. Records of licenses, certificates of insurance, training, electronic logging data, and incident reports are maintained for audits and status monitoring.
- Transportation Management System (TMS)Software used to plan, execute, and settle freight moves across modes. Core functions include rating, carrier selection, load building, routing, tendering, appointment scheduling, and shipment tracking with status events from pickup through delivery. The system maintains contracts, tariffs, lane guides, and accessorial tables, and produces documents such as bills of lading and shipping labels. Interfaces exchange orders, shipment details, and cost data with order management, warehouse, and accounting systems, and support freight audit and payment.
- Transportation Spend ManagementThe processes and controls used to plan, measure, and manage freight costs across modes, carriers, and lanes. Activities include carrier bid events and contract management, rate loading and lane guides, shipment rating and accruals, and freight audit and payment to validate invoices and resolve discrepancies. Analytics segment spend by mode, lane, service level, accessorials, and carrier to produce reports for budgeting and forecasting. Governance sets approval thresholds, surcharge tables, and compliance checks within transportation management and accounting systems.
- Truckload ShippingTransport of a shipment that uses a dedicated trailer from pickup to delivery without terminal consolidation. Rates are quoted by lane, equipment type, miles, and load requirements, and are confirmed in a rate confirmation that lists origins, destinations, dates, and accessorial terms including fuel surcharge. Common equipment includes dry van, refrigerated, and flatbed trailers with weight and dimension limits set by law and carrier policy. Movements are documented with a bill of lading, appointment times, and tracking references, and tenders specify live load or drop trailer and any special loading or seal instructions.
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- UCC 128 LabelA shipping label that uses the GS1 128 barcode symbology to carry structured data for cartons and pallets. It typically encodes a Serial Shipping Container Code as the primary identifier plus application identifiers for item codes, lots, weights, counts, and dates. The label is arranged in zones with human readable text and machine readable bars so receivers can scan units and link them to advance ship notices and receiving records. Format rules are published by GS1 and may be further specified in a buyer compliance guide.
- UnderstockInventory level below the defined target for an item at a location. It is measured against settings such as reorder point, minimum level, or safety stock. The status triggers replenishment or purchase suggestions and may result in stockouts or backorders if demand occurs before receipt. Systems track understock through exception reports and alerts using on hand, on order, and lead time data.
- Unit CostThe cost assigned to one unit of an item under a defined accounting method. For purchased goods it is the invoice price plus inbound freight, duties, and non recoverable taxes and fees included by policy. For manufactured goods it includes direct materials, direct labor, and an allocation of production overhead. Systems may store a standard unit cost or calculate actual or weighted average cost, which is used for inventory valuation and cost of goods sold.
- Urban FulfillmentFulfillment operations located within city areas that receive replenishment from regional facilities and ship orders to nearby addresses. Sites carry forward stock assortments and process each level picking, packing, and parcel labeling. Outbound options include parcel carrier injection at local terminals, courier delivery, and store pickup where the site is co located with retail. Design addresses limited floor space, truck access, and local codes for fire protection and loading zones.
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- Value Added Services (VAS)Additional warehouse tasks performed beyond standard receipt, storage, picking, packing, and shipping. Typical services include kitting and bundling, relabeling and ticketing, light assembly, rework or inspection, insert placement, and custom packaging. Each service is defined by a written specification that lists steps, materials, quality checks, and required records, and pricing may be by unit, hour, or project. Transactions are captured so inventory status, lot or serial details, and billing can be reconciled.
- Vendor ComplianceThe documented packaging, labeling, data, and delivery requirements a buyer sets for suppliers. A compliance guide specifies carton and inner pack standards, barcode and label formats such as GS1 128, routing and carrier selection, booking procedures, and advance shipping notice and EDI data fields. Receivers verify shipments against these rules through labeling checks, measurement, and data validation at appointment, receipt, and putaway. Programs may include chargebacks or corrective actions when submissions or shipments do not meet the published requirements, with records kept for audits.
- Vendor Managed Inventory (VML)A replenishment arrangement in which the supplier monitors the customer’s stock levels and initiates resupply orders to agreed locations. The parties define items, locations, ownership terms, data feeds such as point of sale or withdrawals, target levels, review cadence, and minimum or maximum constraints. The supplier issues purchase order proposals or ships to plan and transmits advance ship notices, while the customer grants visibility, sets receiving procedures, and reconciles quantities and billing. Performance is tracked with metrics such as fill rate, days of supply, and forecast error, and changes are recorded through a documented approval process.
- Vendor ScorecardA periodic report that measures supplier performance against defined metrics and target levels. Common measures include on time shipment, fill rate, lead time accuracy, purchase order confirmation cycle, labeling and advanced shipping notice compliance, packaging and barcode accuracy, quality defects, and invoice match rate. The scorecard states the calculation method, data sources, lookback period, and weighting so results can be reproduced. Results are reviewed with suppliers during business reviews to confirm status, agree actions, and record due dates.
- Virtual WarehousingA planning and order allocation approach that treats inventory across multiple facilities and partners as one logical pool. Systems aggregate location level availability by SKU, lot or serial, and status, then apply sourcing rules to route orders to distribution centers, stores, drop ship suppliers, or third party logistics sites. The model supports order splitting, ship from store, and interfacility transfers while tracking ownership, reservations, and promised quantities at each node. Data is exchanged between order management, warehouse management, and supplier systems with timestamps so records can be reconciled.
- Voice PickingA picking method where workers receive spoken prompts through headsets that direct them to locations, items, and quantities. Users confirm actions by speaking check digits or counts, and the system records each step for audit and inventory updates. The application interfaces with the warehouse management system to download work, manage pick paths, and handle exceptions such as short or substitute picks. Hardware typically includes a headset with microphone and a mobile device that connects to the system over a wireless network.
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- WarehouseA building equipped to receive, store, and handle goods between inbound and outbound transport. It includes docks and staging areas, defined storage locations such as pallet rack, shelving, and bins, and material handling equipment including forklifts, pallet jacks, and conveyors. Core activities are receiving, inspection, putaway, location control, replenishment, picking, packing, shipping, and returns. Inventory records are maintained in a warehouse management system with barcode or RFID scans, and the facility operates under documented safety, security, and fire protection rules.
- Warehouse BidsProcurement events where a shipper requests pricing and service proposals from warehouse providers for a defined scope. Bid packages typically include volumes, SKU profiles, order mix, required processes, target locations, service level expectations, and data interface needs. Providers submit rate schedules for storage, handling, value added work, accessorials, and startup activities, along with statements on capacity, systems, and compliance. The sponsor scores responses, conducts clarifications or site visits, and awards a contract and statement of work based on the published criteria.
- Warehouse ConsultingAdvisory work that assesses and designs warehouse operations, layout, processes, and supporting systems. Engagements gather data on volumes, SKU profiles, order mix, and labor, include walkthroughs and time and motion observations, and compare current flows to target models. Typical deliverables are capacity and throughput models, slotting plans, storage and material handling equipment specifications, staffing plans, and implementation steps with sequence and dependencies. Consultants may prepare requests for proposal, evaluate vendor bids, and define performance metrics, reporting, and change control to track results.
- Warehouse Design and LayoutThe planning of a facility’s physical arrangement so goods move from receiving to shipping along defined flows. It sets the placement and size of docks, staging areas, storage media such as pallet rack, shelving, and flow rack, pick modules, packing stations, work areas, and aisles with clearances for equipment. Inputs include SKU dimensions and velocity, order profiles, throughput expectations, material handling equipment specifications, building columns and clear heights, and code requirements for egress, fire protection, and rack load ratings. Deliverables include scaled drawings, slotting assignments, equipment lists, and operating parameters such as aisle widths, travel paths, and door assignments, which are confirmed through capacity checks and walk path reviews.
- Warehouse InsuranceInsurance coverage related to warehouse operations and stored goods. Policies may include property coverage for the facility and equipment, warehouse legal liability also called bailee coverage for customers goods in care custody or control, and general liability for premises claims. Coverage terms define covered causes of loss, valuation basis such as replacement cost or actual cash value, limits, deductibles, and exclusions unless added by endorsement. Contracts may require certificates of insurance, stated limits, and additional insured or waiver of subrogation endorsements, and claims are supported with inventories, incident reports, and photographs.
- Warehouse Management System (WMS)Software that directs and records warehouse activities and inventory status. It manages locations, receiving, putaway, replenishment, picking, packing, shipping, returns, and cycle counting with task confirmations by barcode or voice. The system maintains item masters, units of measure, lots or serial numbers, storage attributes, and audit trails that support reconciliation. Interfaces exchange orders, inventory updates, and shipment data with order, transportation, and enterprise systems through EDI or API, and it prints barcodes and handling labels used on cartons and pallets.
- Warehouse OperationsThe day to day activities that run a storage and fulfillment facility from receipt to shipment. Core tasks include appointment check in, unloading, inspection, putaway, location control, storage, replenishment, picking, packing, staging, loading, and returns handling. Records are captured in a warehouse management system with barcode or RFID scans and reconciled through counts, audits, and exception logs. Supervisors coordinate labor, equipment, and safety procedures and report results using metrics such as accuracy, dock to stock time, lines picked per hour, and on time shipment.
- Warehouse Safety RegulationsLaws, standards, and codes that set requirements for safe warehouse design, equipment, and work practices. Topics include training and certification for powered industrial trucks, safe racking with posted load ratings, machine guarding, lockout tagout procedures, hazard communication with safety data sheets, marked pedestrian aisles and clear exits, fire protection and storage clearances, fall protection, ladders and platforms, and first aid readiness. Regulations also prescribe inspections, incident reporting, and recordkeeping, and may reference national codes and local permits. Facilities document procedures, training records, and maintenance logs to demonstrate compliance during audits.
- Warehouse SecurityControls that protect inventory, information, and equipment within a warehouse and its yard. Measures include access control with badges or keys, visitor registration, perimeter barriers and lighting, video surveillance with time stamped retention, and intrusion alarms. Procedural safeguards include cage storage for high value items, seal verification on trailers, count reconciliation, and restricted system permissions for sensitive records. Documentation covers incident reporting, audit trails, and chain of custody records across receiving, storage, and shipping.
- WarehousingThe set of activities for storing and handling goods in a facility between receipt and shipment. Core functions include receiving, inspection, putaway, location control, storage, replenishment, picking, packing, staging, and loading. Records track quantities, locations, and identifiers such as lots or serial numbers, maintained in a warehouse management system with barcode or RFID scans. Facilities operate with defined layouts, equipment, and safety procedures, and measure results using accuracy, cycle time, and throughput metrics.
- WaybillA transport document that travels with a shipment and provides instructions for carriage. It lists shipper and consignee, origin and destination, piece count, weight, commodity description, and any handling requirements. A waybill serves as evidence of receipt and routing but does not convey title to the goods, unlike a negotiable bill of lading. It may be issued in paper or electronic form and includes reference numbers used for tracking and billing.
- Weighted Average Cost of InventoryAn inventory valuation method that assigns the same average unit cost to all units on hand and to units issued. The average is calculated as total cost of goods available divided by total units available, combining beginning inventory and receipts. In a periodic system the average is computed at the end of the period and applied to cost of goods sold and ending inventory. In a perpetual or moving average system the average unit cost is recalculated after each receipt and used for subsequent issues.
- White Glove ServiceA delivery option that includes added handling tasks beyond standard curbside delivery. Services may include appointment scheduling, room of choice placement, unpacking, basic assembly or installation within stated limits, inspection, removal of packaging, and haul away of the old unit when specified. Carriers may use two person crews, protective materials, and building access coordination with proof of delivery steps such as photos or signatures. The work order or routing guide defines scope, exclusions, liability terms, and any additional fees.
- White Label ShippingShipping in which the retailer or brand appears as the sender instead of the manufacturer or fulfillment partner. Labels, packing slips, and tracking messages show the retailer name and the return address defined by the program. Packaging avoids supplier identification except where laws or carrier rules require markings such as hazardous materials notices or customs information. It is used in drop ship and third party logistics arrangements and requires setup for ship from fields, return authorization routing, and customer service contacts.
- Wholesale ShippingMovement of business to business orders destined for distributors, retail distribution centers, or commercial locations. Shipments are built in case or pallet quantities and documented with pallet labels, packing lists, and a bill of lading. Buyers may publish routing guides that specify carriers, appointment booking, time windows, and packaging rules, and required services are noted on the tender or bill of lading. Carriers provide tracking references, and receivers verify counts and condition at delivery with over, short, and damaged reporting when discrepancies are found.
- Wwarehouse ManagementThe planning, organization, and control of a facility’s resources and processes to store and move goods from receipt to shipment. Responsibilities include labor planning, space layout and slotting, inventory control methods, equipment coordination and maintenance scheduling, and compliance with documented procedures. Managers govern receiving, putaway, replenishment, picking, packing, shipping, and returns, and review results using metrics such as accuracy, cycle time, throughput, and safety incidents. Systems work includes configuration of the warehouse management system, oversight of data quality, and reconciliation through counts and audits.
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- Yard ManagementCoordination of trailer and container movements between the gate, yard, and docks at a warehouse or distribution center. Activities include gate check in and check out, yard checks to maintain trailer inventory, spot moves by yard tractors, and assignment of dock doors and staging areas. Status is tracked by trailer or container number including loaded or empty, live or drop, appointment time, and any holds. A yard management system records locations, timestamps, and dwell time and exchanges tasks and door schedules with dock scheduling and the warehouse management system.
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- Zero InventoriesA lean objective of holding no on hand stock aside from items in process or in transit. It relies on stable demand signals, short and reliable lead times, small lot sizes, and frequent deliveries so materials arrive when needed for production or shipment. The concept is used as a design target to expose waste and drive setup time reduction, tighter scheduling, and closer supplier and transportation coordination. Inventory control focuses on accurate consumption data and pipeline visibility because availability depends on timing rather than stored buffers.
- Zone PickingA warehouse picking method where the facility is divided into areas and each picker works only within an assigned zone. Orders move to the next zone in sequence or items from several zones are merged at a sorter or packing station. The warehouse management system directs tasks by wave or in real time and captures confirmations by scan or pick to light. Workload is balanced across zones and forward locations are replenished to support the next release of orders.
- Zone PricingA pricing method that uses geographic distance bands called zones to set transportation charges. Carriers map origin postal codes to destination postal codes and assign a zone number to each pairing. Rates are selected from tables by service level, zone, and billable weight, with fuel and accessorials listed as separate line items. Zone charts and rate tables are referenced during label creation, manifesting, and invoice audit.
- Zone ShippingA parcel pricing method in which charges depend on the distance band between the origin and the destination. Carriers group postal codes into numbered zones that start with nearby areas and increase with distance. Rates are taken from published tables using the shipment’s weight or dimensional weight, the zone, and the selected service level. The shipping label and manifest provide the origin and destination data that determine the zone used for billing.
- Zone SkippingA parcel distribution method where shipments for distant regions are consolidated and transported in bulk to a destination area before entering the final mile carrier network. Shippers linehaul the consolidated volume to a deeper entry point such as a regional hub or local sort facility, bypassing intermediate zones used in standard rating. Parcels carry the final delivery label and tracking from origin, and are inducted at the destination facility for last mile processing. Planning specifies minimum volume, packaging requirements, and the cutoffs and documentation accepted by the receiving facility and carrier.
